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Entering into a quota share reinsurance agreement (the "Reinsurance Agreement" or "AmTrust Quota Share") with a Bermuda subsidiary of AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. ("AmTrust"), AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. ("AII"), in 2007 and a quota share reinsurance agreement (the "European Hospital Liability Quota Share") with AmTrust Europe Limited ("AEL") and AmTrust International Underwriters Limited ("AIUL") in 2011;

•	Acquiring the reinsurance operations of GMAC Insurance (the "GMAC Acquisition") in 2008 and the GMAC International Insurance Services (the "IIS Acquisition") in 2010;

•	Entering into a quota share reinsurance agreement with a subsidiary of National General Holdings Corporation ("NGHC") in 2010 (the "NGHC Quota Share"). This agreement was terminated on a run-off basis effective August 1, 2013; and

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Substantially reducing our net exposure to natural hazard events by selling, on May 1, 2013, the primary insurance business written on a surplus lines basis by Maiden Specialty Insurance Company ("Maiden Specialty"), a wholly owned subsidiary of Maiden US, to Brit Insurance. Maiden Specialty provided non-catastrophe inland marine and property coverages. On November 4, 2015, Maiden US finalized the sale of Maiden Specialty to Clear Blue Financial Holdings, LLC ("Clear Blue").

•	Public debt offering of $100.0 million in March 2012 ("2012 Senior Notes"). The 2012 Senior Notes trade on NYSE under the symbol "MHNB". The net proceeds of $96.6 million were used for working capital and general corporate purposes;

•	Public offering of $150.0 million Preference Shares - Series A ("Preference Shares - Series A") in August 2012. We received net proceeds of $145.0 million from the offering. The Preference Shares - Series A trade on NYSE under the symbol "MHPRA". The net proceeds from the offering were used for continued support and development of our reinsurance business and for other general corporate purposes;

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Public offering of $165.0 million Mandatory Convertible Preference Shares - Series B ("Preference Shares - Series B") in October 2013. We received net proceeds of $159.7 million from the offering. The net proceeds from the offering were used for general corporate purposes, primarily to support the continuing growth of our reinsurance operations. The Preference Shares - Series B fully converted into 12,069,090 common shares on September 15, 2016;

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Public debt offering of $152.5 million in November 2013 ("2013 Senior Notes"). The 2013 Senior Notes trade on NYSE under the symbol "MHNC". The net proceeds of $147.4 million, as well as cash on hand, were used to repurchase all of the remaining portion of our previously issued outstanding junior subordinated debt, with a face value of $152.5 million, on January 15, 2014, which substantially lowered our cost of capital;

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Public offering of $165.0 million Preference Shares - Series C ("Preference Shares - Series C") in November 2015. The Preference Shares - Series C trade on NYSE under the symbol "MHPRC". We received net proceeds of $159.5 million from the offering. The net proceeds of this offering were used for continued support and development of our reinsurance business and for other general corporate purposes; and

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Public debt offering of $110.0 million in June 2016 ("2016 Senior Notes"). The 2016 Senior Notes trade on NYSE under the symbol "MHLA." The net proceeds of $106.3 million, as well as cash on hand, were used for continued support and development of our reinsurance business and for other general corporate purposes which included fully redeeming all of Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd.'s ("Maiden NA") Senior Notes due 2041 ("2011 Senior Notes"), thus lowering our cost of capital.

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Dedication to Predictable and Stable Results — we execute this strategy in two ways: (1) focusing on traditional, lower volatility lines of business that are more predictable and thus, produce more stable long-term operating results and require less capital to achieve those results; and (2) placing emphasis on working layer and pro rata reinsurance participations where data is more abundant and results are more predictable;

•	Targeted Customer Focus — we execute this strategy by developing significant and long term reinsurance relationships with targeted regional and specialty insurance companies for which reinsurance plays a critical element of their capital structure and supporting the long term needs of these companies by providing differentiated products as well as an array of support services; and

•	Efficient Operating Platform — recognizing the mature nature of the reinsurance market, we are focused on maintaining operating expense ratios within the top quartile of the industry. Efficiency is a critical component of maintaining a disciplined underwriting approach.

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•	Small commercial business insurance, which includes U.S. workers’ compensation, commercial package and other property and casualty insurance products;

•	Specialty risk and extended warranty coverage for consumer and commercial goods and custom designed coverages, such as accidental damage plans and payment protection plans offered in connection with the sale of consumer and commercial goods, in the U.S., United Kingdom ("U.K.") and certain other global markets, European Hospital Liability; and

•	Specialty program which includes package products, general liability, commercial auto liability, excess and surplus lines programs and other specialty commercial property and casualty insurance to a narrowly defined, homogeneous group of small and middle market companies.

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•	Autonomous vehicles, home-sharing and ride-sharing;

•	Cloud computing;

•	Silent cyber risk exposures in reinsurance contracts; and

•	Cybersecurity in an environment of increasing sophistication of cyber-crimes and increasing frequency in the type and number of cyber related breaches, attempts, attacks and intrusions.

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•	Insufficient premiums to cover future incurred losses due to inaccurate pricing, inappropriate risk selection, or both;

•	Pressure on prices due to place in insurance cycle, the inability to renew existing accounts or write new accounts at appropriate pricing;

•	Acceptance of risks outside of Maiden’s risk appetite, underwriting guidelines or deviation from prescribed pricing targets could deliver results with different performance or volatility than expected;

•	Changes in loss cost trends which are observed after contract pricing;

•	Changes in cedent claims handling or underwriting procedures which mask actual cedent performance; and

•	Losses from terrorism events may exceed our expectations.

•	we will underwrite and accept only those risks we know and understand;

•	we will perform our own independent pricing and risk review on all risks we accept; and

•	we will accept only those risks that are expected to earn an appropriate risk-adjusted return on capital.

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Cancellation of Insurer's Registration: An insurer's registration may be canceled by the BMA on certain grounds specified in the Insurance Act, including failure of the insurer to comply with its obligations under the Insurance Act or if, in the opinion of the BMA, the insurer has not been carrying on business in accordance with sound insurance principles. We believe that we are in compliance with applicable regulations under the Insurance Act;

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Principal Office, Principal Representative and Head Office: An insurer is required to maintain a principal office in Bermuda and to appoint and maintain a principal representative in Bermuda. It is the duty of the principal representative, upon reaching the view that there is a likelihood of the insurer for which the principal representative acts becoming insolvent, to the principal representative's knowledge, occurred or is believed to have occurred, to immediately notify the BMA and to make a report in writing to the BMA within 14 days of the prior notification setting out all the particulars of the case that are available to the principal representative. Further, any registered insurer that is a Class 3A insurer or above is required to maintain a head office in Bermuda and direct and manage its insurance business from Bermuda. The Insurance Act considers (a) where the underwriting, risk management and operational decision making occurs; (b) whether the presence of senior executives who are responsible for, and involved in, the decision making are located in Bermuda; and (c) where meetings of the board of directors occur. The BMA will consider (a) the location where management meets to effect policy decisions; (b) the residence of the officers, insurance managers or employees; and (c) the residence of one or more directors in Bermuda. For the purpose of the Insurance Act, Maiden Bermuda’s principal office is the Company’s executive offices at Maiden House, 2nd Floor, 131 Front Street, Hamilton, HM 12, Bermuda;

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Annual Financial Statements, Annual Statutory Financial Return and Annual Capital and Solvency Return: Maiden Bermuda and the Company must prepare annual statutory financial statements as prescribed in the Insurance Act with respect to its general business. The statutory financial return for a Class 3B insurer includes a report of the approved independent auditor on the statutory financial statements of such insurer, the statutory financial statements for the general business, and a statutory declaration of compliance. Maiden Bermuda is required to file audited U.S. GAAP annual financial statements with the BMA, which must be available to the public. In addition, Maiden Bermuda is required to file a capital and solvency return, which shall include the company's Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirement ("BSCR") model, a commercial insurer's solvency self-assessment ("CISSA"), a catastrophe risk return and a schedule of loss triangles or reconciliation of net loss reserves and a schedule of eligible capital. The BSCR model applies factors to premium, reserves and assets/liabilities to determine the minimum capital required by the BMA to remain solvent throughout the year. The catastrophe risk return assesses an insurer’s reliance on vendor models in assessing catastrophe exposure. The Company is required to file a group statutory financial return, group catastrophe risk return, group BSCR and GSSA. The GSSA is based on the Company’s own internally assessed capital requirements and is informed by our internal model. The GSSA together with the group BSCR form part of the BMA’s annual solvency assessment;

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Minimum Liquidity Ratio: The Insurance Act requires all general business insurers to maintain the value of its relevant assets at not less than 75% of the amount of its relevant liabilities. Relevant assets include cash and cash equivalents, quoted investments, unquoted bonds and debentures, first liens on real estate, investment income due and accrued, accounts and premiums receivable, reinsurance balances receivable and funds held by ceding reinsurers. There are certain categories of assets which, unless specifically permitted by the BMA, do not automatically qualify as relevant assets, such as unquoted equity securities, investments in and advances to affiliates and real estate and collateral loans. The relevant liabilities are total general business insurance reserves and total other liabilities less deferred income tax and letters of credit and guarantees;

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Minimum Solvency Margin, Enhanced Capital Requirement and Restrictions on Dividends and Distributions: Under the Insurance Act, Maiden Bermuda must ensure that the value of its general business assets exceeds the amount of its general business liabilities by an amount greater than its prescribed minimum solvency margin ("MSM"). Maiden Bermuda is also required to maintain available statutory capital and surplus at least equal to its enhanced capital requirement ("ECR"). Maiden Bermuda is prohibited from declaring or paying dividends of more than 25% of its total statutory capital and surplus, as shown in its previous financial year statutory balance sheet, unless at least seven days before payment of the dividends it files with the BMA an affidavit that it will continue to meet its minimum capital requirements as described above. In addition, Maiden Bermuda must obtain the BMA’s prior approval before reducing its total statutory capital, as shown in its previous financial year statutory balance sheet, by 15% or more. Maiden Bermuda is not permitted to pay dividends to its sole shareholder, the Company, if there are reasonable grounds for believing that we are, or would after the payment be, in breach of the Act, Insurance (Prudential Standards) Class 4 and Class 3B Solvency Requirement Rules 2008, including the ECR or the group ECR contained within such rules or under such other applicable rules and regulations as may from time to time be issued by the BMA;

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Eligible Capital: Class 3B and 4 insurers and insurance groups are required to maintain statutory economic capital and surplus (“Economic Capital”) for determination of regulatory available capital in accordance with a ‘3 tiered capital regime’. All capital instruments are classified as either basic or ancillary capital which in turn are classified into one of three tiers (Tiers 1, 2 and 3) based on their “loss absorbency” characteristics. Under this regime, there are limits of Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 capital which may be used to satisfy the Class 3B and 4 insurers’ and Group’s MSM and ECR requirements. The Company has received approval for certain capital instruments as other fixed capital. In June 2016, the Company issued $110.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.625% notes maturing in 2046 (the "2016 Senior Notes"). The BMA approved the capital instruments as Tier-3 ancillary capital to be grandfathered under Section 21 paragraph 10 of the Group Rules until January 1, 2026 as the 2016 Senior Notes do not meet the requirement that coupon payment on the instrument be cancellable or deferrable indefinitely upon breach (or if it would cause breach) in the ECR. The Group’s ECR shall be subject to a regulatory capital add-on comprising three years of coupon payments on the 2016 Senior Notes amounting to $21.9 million;

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Economic Balance Sheet Framework and Financial Condition Report: The BMA has implemented an Economic Balance Sheet ("EBS") framework to be used as the basis to determine the ECR of insurers and group that is generally based on fair-value in line with the GAAP principles adopted by the insurer, except for the valuation of insurance technical provisions. Technical provisions shall be valued at an economic value using the best estimate of probability weighted cash flows, with an additional risk margin. Cash flows, for this purpose, shall take into account all future cash in and out flows required to settle the insurance obligations attributable to the remaining lifetime of the policy. The new regulations came into operation on January 1, 2016 and apply to financial years beginning on or after January 1, 2016. The BMA has also implemented new public disclosure rules that require all insurers and insurance groups to prepare and publish a Financial Condition Report ("FCR"). The FCR is intended to provide additional information to the public in relation to the insurer’s and group’s business model, whereby they may make an informed assessment on whether the business is run in a prudent manner. The new rules come into operation on January 1, 2016 and apply to financial years beginning on or after January 1, 2016;

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Fit and Proper Controllers: The BMA maintains supervision over the controllers of all registered insurers in Bermuda. A controller includes (i) the managing director of the registered insurer or its parent company; (ii) the chief executive of the registered insurer or of its parent company; (iii) a shareholder controller; and (iv) any person in accordance with whose directions or instructions the directors of the registered insurer or of its parent company are accustomed to act;

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Notification by Registered Person of Change of Controllers and Officers: All registered insurers are required to give written notice to the BMA of the fact that a person has become, or ceased to be, a controller or officer of the registered insurer within 45 days of becoming aware of such fact. An officer in relation to a registered insurer means a director, chief executive or senior executive performing duties of underwriting, actuarial, risk management, compliance, internal audit, finance or investment matters;

•	Notification of Material Changes: All registered insurers are required to give 14 days’ notice to the BMA of certain matters that are likely to be of material significance (a “Material Change” within the meaning of the Insurance Act).

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Code of Conduct: Maiden Bermuda is required to comply with the Insurance Code of Conduct of the Authority ("Code") which prescribes the duties and standards which must be complied with to ensure it implements sound corporate governance, risk management and internal controls. Failure to comply with the requirements under the Code will be a factor taken into account by the BMA in determining whether an insurer is conducting its business in a sound and prudent manner as prescribed by the Insurance Act. Such failure to comply with the requirements of the Code could result in the BMA exercising its powers of intervention (see BMA's Powers of Intervention, Obtaining Information, Reports and Documents and Providing Information to other Regulatory Authorities below). We believe that we are in compliance with the Code;

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Group Supervision: The BMA acts as group supervisor of the Company and has designated Maiden Bermuda to be the designated insurer ("Designated Insurer"). As group supervisor, the BMA will perform a number of supervisory functions including (i) coordinating the gathering and dissemination of information which is of importance for the supervisory task of other competent authorities; (ii) carrying out a supervisory review and assessment of the insurance group; (iii) carrying out an assessment of the insurance group's compliance with the rules on solvency, risk concentration, intra-group transactions and good governance procedures; (iv) planning and coordinating, through regular meetings with other competent authorities, supervisory activities in respect of the insurance group, both as a going concern and in emergency situations; (v) coordinating any enforcement action that may need to be taken against the insurance group or any of its members; and (vi) planning and coordinating meetings of colleges of supervisors in order to facilitate the carrying out of the functions described above. In carrying out its group supervisory functions, the BMA may make rules for (i) assessing the financial situation and the solvency position of the insurance group and/or its members and (ii) regulating intra group transactions, risk concentration, governance procedures, risk management and regulatory reporting and disclosure;

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Group MSM and Group ECR: The Designated Insurer must ensure that the value of the insurance group's assets exceeds the amount of the group's liabilities by the aggregate minimum margin of solvency of each qualifying member of the group ("Group MSM"). A member is a qualifying member of the insurance group if it is subject to solvency requirements in the jurisdiction in which it is registered. Beginning on December 31, 2013, we are required to maintain available group capital and surplus at a level equal to or in excess of the Group Enhanced Capital Requirement ("Group ECR") which is established by reference to either the Group BSCR model or an approved group internal capital model;

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Designated Insurer Notification Obligations: The Designated Insurer must notify the BMA upon reaching a view that there is a likelihood of the insurance group or any member of the group becoming insolvent or that a reportable "event" has, to the Designated Insurer's knowledge, occurred or is believed to have occurred. Within 30 days of such notification to the BMA, the Designated Insurer must furnish the BMA with a written report setting out all the particulars of the case that are available to it and within 45 days, it must furnish a group capital and solvency return that reflects the Group ECR that has been prepared using post-loss data and unaudited financial statements for such period as the BMA shall require together with a declaration of solvency in respect thereof; and

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BMA's Powers of Intervention, Obtaining Information, Reports and Documents and Providing Information to other Regulatory Authorities: The BMA has certain powers of investigation and intervention relating to insurers and their holding companies, subsidiaries and other affiliates, which it may exercise in the interest of such insurer's policyholders or if there is any risk of insolvency or of a breach of the Insurance Act or the insurer's license conditions.

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•	the issue and transfer of Maiden Holdings' common shares, up to the amount of its authorized capital from time to time, to and among persons that are non-residents of Bermuda for exchange control purposes; and

•	the issue and transfer of up to 20% of Maiden Holdings' common shares in issue from time to time to and among persons resident in Bermuda for exchange control purposes.

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•	trends in claim frequency and severity;

•	changes in operations;

•	emerging economic and social trends;

•	inflation; and

•	changes in the regulatory and litigation environments.

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•	limiting our ability to pay dividends to our common shareholders;

•	limiting the Company’s subsidiaries to pay dividends;

•	increasing our vulnerability to changing economic, regulatory and industry conditions;

•	limiting our ability to compete and our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry;

•	limiting our ability to borrow additional funds;

•	requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our debt, thereby, reducing funds available for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other purposes; and

•	impacting rating agencies and regulators assessment of our capital position, adequacy and flexibility and therefore, the financial strength ratings of rating agencies and regulators assessment of our solvency.

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•	fluctuations in interest rates, inflationary pressures and other changes in the investment environment that affect returns on invested assets;

•	changes in the frequency or severity of claims;

•	volatile and unpredictable developments, including man-made, weather-related and other natural catastrophes or terrorist attacks;

•	price competition;

•	inadequate loss and LAE reserves;

•	cyclical nature of the property and casualty insurance market;

•	negative developments in the specialty property and casualty reinsurance sectors in which we operate; and

•	reduction in the business activities of AmTrust or any of our ceding insurers.

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•	our Board of Directors may reduce the total voting power of any shareholder in order to avoid adverse tax, legal or regulatory consequences to us or any direct or indirect holder of our shares or its affiliates; and

•	our Directors may, in their discretion, decline to record the transfer of any common shares on our share register, if they are not satisfied that all required regulatory approvals for such transfer have been obtained or if they determine such transfer may result in a non-de minimis adverse tax, legal or regulatory consequence to us or any direct or indirect holder of shares or its affiliates.

•	have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us;

•	discourage bids for our securities at a premium over the market price;

•	adversely affect the price of, and the voting and other rights of the holders of our securities; or

•	impede the ability of the holders of our securities to change our management.

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•	the material facts as to such interested director’s relationship or interests are disclosed or are known to the board of directors and the board in good faith authorizes the transaction by the affirmative vote of a majority of the disinterested directors;

•	such material facts are disclosed or are known to the shareholders entitled;

•	to vote on such transaction and the transaction is specifically approved in good faith by vote of the majority of shares entitled to vote thereon; or

•	the transaction is fair as to the corporation as of the time it is authorized, approved or ratified.

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(1)	Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 12. Earnings per Common Share" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K for the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per common share.

(2)	Calculated by dividing net loss and LAE by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue.

(3)	Calculated by dividing commission and other acquisition expenses by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue.

(4)	Calculated by dividing general and administrative expenses by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue.

(5)	Calculated by adding together the commission and other acquisition expense ratio and the general and administrative expense ratio.

(6)	Calculated by adding together the net loss and LAE ratio, commission and other acquisition expense ratio and general and administrative expense ratio.

(7)	Book value per common share is defined as total shareholders’ equity available to common shareholders divided by the number of common shares issued and outstanding at the end of the period, giving no effect to dilutive securities.

(8)

Diluted book value per common share is calculated by dividing common shareholders' equity, adjusted for assumed proceeds from the exercise of dilutive options, by the number of outstanding common shares plus dilutive options and restricted share units (assuming exercise of all dilutive share based awards). The Mandatory Convertible Preference Shares - Series B, which were converted into common shares on September 15, 2016, are excluded at December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 as they are anti-dilutive.

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(1)	Operating earnings, operating earnings per common share and operating return on average common equity are non-GAAP financial measures. See "Key Financial Measures" for additional information and a reconciliation to the nearest U.S. GAAP financial measure (net income).

(2)	Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 12. Earnings per Common Share" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K for the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per common share.

(3)	Underwriting income is calculated as net premiums earned plus other insurance revenue less net loss and LAE, commission and other acquisition expenses and general and administrative expenses directly related to underwriting activities.

(4)	Calculated by adding together the net loss and LAE ratio, commission and other acquisition expense ratio and general and administrative expense ratio.

(5)	Total investments and cash and cash equivalents includes both restricted and unrestricted.

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(6)	Total capital resources is the sum of the Company's principal amount of debt and Maiden shareholders' equity. See "Key Financial Measures" for additional information.

(7)	Book value per common share is calculated using common shareholders’ equity (shareholders' equity excluding the aggregate liquidation value of our preference shares) divided by the number of common shares outstanding.

(8)

Diluted book value per common share is calculated by dividing common shareholders' equity, adjusted for assumed proceeds from the exercise of dilutive options, by the number of outstanding common shares plus dilutive options and restricted share units (assuming exercise of all dilutive share based awards). The Mandatory Convertible Preference Shares - Series B, which were converted into common shares on September 15, 2016, are excluded at December 31, 2015 as they are anti-dilutive.

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(1)	Average common shareholders' equity for the year ended December 31, 2016 is adjusted for the period the Mandatory Convertible Preference Shares - Series B are outstanding (prior to mandatory conversion date of September 15, 2016).

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•	losses paid, which are actual cash payments to insureds, net of recoveries from reinsurers;

•	change in outstanding loss or case reserves, which represent cedants' best estimate of the likely settlement amount for known claims, less the portion that can be recovered from reinsurers; and

•	change in IBNR reserves, which are reserves established by us for changes in the values of claims that have been reported to us but are not yet settled, as well as claims that have occurred but have not yet been reported to us. The portion recoverable from our reinsurers is deducted from the gross estimated loss.

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•	the information developed from internal and independent external sources can be used to develop meaningful estimates of the likely future performance of business bound by the Company;

•	the loss and exposure information provided by ceding companies, insureds and brokers in support of their submissions have been used by Maiden's pricing actuaries to derive meaningful estimates of the likely future performance of business bound with respect to each contract and policy;

•	historic loss development and trend experience is assumed to be indicative of future loss development and trends; and

•	no significant emergence of losses or types of losses that are not represented in the information supplied to the Company by its brokers, ceding companies and insureds will occur.

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•	the lag in time between the time claims are reported to the ceding company and the time they are reported through one or more reinsurance broker intermediaries to the Company;

•	the differing reserving practices among ceding companies;

•	the diversity of loss development patterns among different types of reinsurance treaties or contracts; and

•	the Company’s need to rely on its ceding companies for loss information, which also exposes the Company to changes in the reserving philosophy of the ceding company and the adequacy of its underlying case reserves.

•	changes in the inflation rate for goods and services related to the covered damages;

•	changes in the general economic environment that could cause unanticipated changes in claim frequency or severity;

•	changes in the litigation environment regarding the representation of plaintiffs and potential plaintiffs;

•	changes in the judicial and/or arbitration environment regarding the interpretation of policy and contract provisions relating to the determination of coverage and/or the amount of damages awarded for certain types of claims;

•	changes in the social environment regarding the general attitude of juries in the determination of liability and damages;

•	changes in the legislative environment regarding the definition of damages;

•	new types of injuries caused by new types of injurious activities or exposures; and

•	changes in ceding company case reserving and reporting patterns.

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•	alterations in claims handling procedures;

•	growth in new lines of business where exposure and loss development patterns are not well established; or

•	changes in the quality of risk selection or pricing in the underwriting process.

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(1)	Calculated by dividing net loss and LAE by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue.

(2)	Calculated by dividing commission and other acquisition expenses by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue.

(3)	Calculated by dividing general and administrative expenses by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue.

(4)	Calculated by adding together commission and other acquisition expense ratio and general and administrative expense ratio.

(5)	Calculated by adding together net loss and LAE ratio and the expense ratio.

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decrease in underwriting income of $97.7 million as a result of a $120.4 million charge taken during the fourth quarter of 2016. This was largely due to adverse development in commercial auto liability across the portfolio.  In the Diversified Reinsurance segment, commercial auto liability incurred losses in the fourth quarter were greater than expected in both excess of loss and quota share accounts.  In response to this higher emergence, we booked $57 million of additional loss as it became clearer that our prior expectations were not sufficient.  In the AmTrust Reinsurance segment, we recorded a $52 million reserve charge, primarily related to higher than expected commercial auto and general liability loss emergence in program business.  Finally, we recorded an $11.4 million increase in additional IBNR reserves relating to the run-off of our NGHC contract; and

•	redemption of the Company's 2011 Senior Notes in the second quarter of 2016 leading to a non-recurring, non-cash charge of $2.3 million, which represented the accelerated amortization of issuance costs associated with the redeemed debt.

•	increase in investment income of $14.8 million or 11.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. This increase reflects the growth in average investable assets of 13.0%, which was partially offset by a slight reduction in average yields.

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redemption of the Company's junior subordinated debt in the first quarter of 2014 leading to a non-recurring, non-cash charge of $28.2 million, which represented the accelerated amortization of original issue discount and write off of issuance costs associated with the junior subordinated debt. As shown in our Item 7 Key Financial Measures on page 57, excluding this non-recurring, non-cash charge in 2014, net income attributable to Maiden common shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to the same period in 2014, would decrease by $5.2 million or 4.9%;

•	increase in investment income of $13.9 million, or 11.8%, for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the same period in 2014. This increase reflects the growth in average investable assets of 14.8%, however, this growth was partially offset by a slight reduction in average yields.

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decrease in underwriting income of $23.1 million, or 35.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the same period in 2014. This decrease arose in our Diversified Reinsurance segment and was driven primarily by 1) adverse development on Maiden US commercial auto business; 2) loss of a large customer and expiration of a fronting arrangement in the latter periods of 2014; and 3) foreign exchange impact on our non-U.S. underwriting portfolio due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar during 2015.

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(1)	The average of the Company's investments, cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents and loan to related party at each quarter-end during the year.

(2)	Ratio of net investment income over average invested assets at fair value.

(1)	The average of the Company's investments, cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and loan to related party at each quarter-end during the year.

(2)	Ratio of net investment income over average invested assets at fair value.

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(1)	Average yield is calculated by dividing annualized investment income for each sub-component of AFS and HTM securities and cash and cash equivalents (including amortization of premium or discount) by amortized cost.

(2)	Average duration in years.

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(1)	Ratings as assigned by S&P, or equivalent

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(1)	Ratings as assigned by S&P, or equivalent

(1)	Ratings as assigned by S&P, or equivalent

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(1)	Ratings as assigned by S&P, or equivalent

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•	net income attributable to Maiden of $49.0 million. See "Results of Operations - Net Income" on page 69 for a discussion of the Company’s net income for the year ended December 31, 2016;

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net increase in AOCI of $38.8 million. This increase arose due to: 1) increase in AOCI of $33.4 million which arose from the net increase in our U.S. dollar denominated investment portfolio of $38.3 million relating to market price movements and decline in our non-U.S. dollar denominated investment portfolio of $4.9 million. The decline in our non-U.S. dollar denominated investment portfolio was $15.1 million as a result of the weakening of euro, relative to U.S. dollar at December 31, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015 offset by $10.2 million increase as a result of market price movements; and by 2) increase in cumulative translation adjustments of $5.4 million due to the effect of the appreciation of the U.S. dollar relative to the original currencies on our non-U.S. dollar net liabilities (excluding non-U.S. dollar denominated AFS fixed maturities; and

•	net increase resulting from share based transactions of $4.7 million.

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(1)	Ratings as assigned by S&P, or equivalent

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(1)	Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the SEC on May 18, 2010 (File No. 333-166934).

(2)	Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Registration Statement on S-1 initially filed with the SEC on September 17, 2007, subsequently amended and declared effective May 6, 2008 (File No. 333-146137).

(3)	Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Registration Statement on S-3 filed with the SEC on February 7, 2011 (File Nos. 333-172107 and 333-172107-01).

(4)	Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 27, 2012 (File No. 001-34042).

(5)	Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 22, 2012 (File No. 001-34042).

(6)	Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 25, 2013 (File No. 001-34042).

(7)	Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 25, 2015 (File No. 001-34042).

(8)	Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 14, 2016 (File No. 001-34042).

(9)	Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2010 filed with the SEC on August 8, 2011 (File No. 001-34042).

(10)	Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011 filed with the SEC on March 13, 2012 (File No. 001-34042).

(11)	Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008 filed with the SEC on March 31, 2009 (File No. 001-34042).

(12)	Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with Amendment No. 2 to the registrant's Registration Statement on S-1 filed with the SEC on March 28, 2008 (No. 333-146137).

(13)	Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010 filed with the SEC on March 14, 2011 (File No. 001-34042).

(14)	Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 filed with the SEC on March 4, 2014 (File No. 001-34042).

(15)	Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with Amendment No. 3 to the registrant's Registration Statement on S-1 filed with the SEC on April 24, 2008 (No. 333-146137).

(16)	Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 filed with the SEC on March 11, 2013 (File No. 001-34042).

(17)	Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2016 filed with the SEC on August 9, 2016 (No. 001-34042)

(18)	Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2012 filed with the SEC on August 9, 2012 (File No. 001-34042)

(19)	Incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2016 filed with the SEC on November 8, 2016 (No. 001-34042).

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•	reserve for loss and loss adjustment expenses ("loss and LAE");

•	recoverability of deferred commission and other acquisition expenses;

•	determination of impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets;

•	valuation of financial instruments; and

•	determination of other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") of investments.

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•	Historic and implied volatility of the security;

•	Length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost;

•	Adverse conditions specifically related to the security or to specific conditions in an industry or geographic area;

•	Failure, if any, of the issuer of the security to make scheduled payments; and

•	Recoveries or additional declines in fair value subsequent to the balance sheet date.

•

Level 1 — Valuations based on unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access. Valuation adjustments and block discounts are not applied to Level 1 instruments. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these products does not entail a significant degree of judgment. Examples of assets and liabilities utilizing Level 1 inputs include: exchange-traded equity securities and U.S. Treasury bonds;

•

Level 2 — Valuations based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or valuations based on models where the significant inputs are observable (e.g. interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severities, etc.) or can be corroborated by observable market data. Examples of assets and liabilities utilizing Level 2 inputs include: U.S. government-sponsored agency securities; non-U.S. government and supranational obligations; commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS"); collateralized loan obligations ("CLO"); corporate and municipal bonds; and

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•	Level 3 — Valuations based on models where significant inputs are not observable. The unobservable inputs reflect our own assumptions about assumptions that market participants would use. Examples of assets and liabilities utilizing Level 3 inputs include: insurance and reinsurance derivative contracts; and hedge and credit funds with partial transparency.

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(1)	Calculated by dividing net loss and LAE by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue.

(2)	Calculated by dividing commission and other acquisition expenses by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue.

(3)	Calculated by dividing general and administrative expenses by the sum of net premiums earned and other insurance revenue.

(4)	Calculated by adding together net loss and LAE ratio, commission and other acquisition expense ratio and general and administrative expense ratio.

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(1)	Based on Standard & Poor’s ("S&P"), or equivalent, ratings

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a)	Claims Development

•	For both segments, the premium and exposure for prior years is often reported to us in subsequent periods, as reporting lags exist from an insurer to a reinsurer. This leads to increases in the provision for loss and LAE in prior years, but does not reduce expected income (and in many cases can result in additional income);

•	In the Diversified Reinsurance segment, our U.S. operations have adjustable commission features on a significant portion of its business which is not reflected in this loss disclosure;

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In the AmTrust Reinsurance segment, the European Hospital Liability Quota Share exposure results in many instances where claims are eventually closed with no liability. As a claims made exposure, there is also minimal to no "tail" that would result in IBNR. The net result is a significant amount of negative IBNR accounting for claims with case reserves established that are expected to be closed with no payment; and

•	In the AmTrust Reinsurance segment, these numbers are affected by the commutation with AmTrust at year end 2015 which resulted in a $107,000 payment and the reduction of loss and unearned premium reserves.

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b)	Claims duration disclosure

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(1)	This represents earnings allocated to the holders of non-vested restricted shares issued to the Company's employees under the 2007 Share Incentive Plan.

(2)

The effect of mandatory convertible preference shares were excluded in the calculation of diluted EPS for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2016 (for the period that the convertible shares were outstanding) as they were anti-dilutive. On September 15, 2016, the Company's $165,000 mandatory convertible preference shares - Series B were automatically converted into 12,069,090 of the Company's common shares at a conversion rate of 3.6573 per preference share. Please refer to "Note 13. Shareholders' Equity" and "Note 14. Share Compensation and Pension Plans" of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for the terms and conditions of each of these anti-dilutive instruments.

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(1)	Shares repurchased were withholdings from employees in respect of tax obligations arising from the vesting of restricted shares and performance based shares. See further details below in item (e).

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(1)

During the fourth quarter of 2016, following the receipt of updated information during the Company's reserving process and in response to a very challenging commercial auto market, the Company increased the reserve for loss and LAE in both our Diversified Reinsurance and AmTrust Reinsurance segments as well as our NGHC run-off business. The Company recorded unfavorable reserve development which reduced its net income, net income attributable to Maiden common shareholders and comprehensive income during the three months ended December 31, 2016 by approximately $120,426 or $1.40 per basic common share and $1.39 per diluted common share.

(2)	Basic earnings (loss) per common share attributable to Maiden common shareholders and diluted earnings (loss) per common share attributable to Maiden common shareholders is calculated as a function of average shares issued, or dilutive, during the respective period.

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(1)	All subsidiaries are 100% wholly owned by Maiden Holdings, Ltd. unless otherwise noted.

(2)	100% wholly owned subsidiary of Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd.

(3)	66.7% owned subsidiary of Maiden Holdings, Ltd.

(4)	100% wholly owned subsidiary of Maiden Global Holdings Ltd.

(5)	100% wholly owned subsidiary of AVS Automotive VersicherungsService GmbH

(6)	60% owned subsidiary of Opel Händler VersicherungsService GmbH

(7)	50% owned subsidiary of AVS Automotive VersicherungsService GmbH