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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)
☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _________ to _________
Commission File No. 001-34042
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Bermuda98-0570192
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)		(IRS Employer
Identification No.)
94 Pitts Bay Road
Pembroke 
BermudaHM08
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)

(441) 298-4900
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)


Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each ClassTrading symbol(s)Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Shares, par value $0.01 per shareMHLD
NASDAQ Capital Market
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☐Accelerated filer☒
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☒
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒
As of May 5, 2023, 101,763,727 common shares were outstanding. 143,203,075 common shares, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding when the ownership by our affiliate Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. of 41,439,348 common shares were included. These affiliated shares are treated as treasury shares and are not included in the computation of consolidated book value and earnings per common share.



INDEX
Page
PART I - Financial Information
PART II - Other Information

2

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
March 31,
2023		December 31,
2022
ASSETS(Unaudited)(Audited)
Investments:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value (Amortized cost: 2023 - $327,339; 2022 - $330,439)
$313,363 $314,527 
Equity securities, at fair value (cost: 2023 - $41,509; 2022 - $40,509)
45,266 43,621 
Equity method investments71,896 80,159 
   Other investments (Allowance for expected credit losses: 2023 - $1,023)
146,323 148,753 
   Total investments576,848 587,060 
  Cash and cash equivalents24,194 30,986 
  Restricted cash and cash equivalents17,167 15,638 
  Accrued investment income5,433 4,122 
Reinsurance balances receivable, net: (includes $8,124 and $8,395 from related parties in 2023 and 2022, respectively. Allowance for expected credit losses: 2023 - $190)
10,406 10,707 
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses (Allowance for expected credit losses: 2023 - $4,254)
552,513 556,116 
   Loan to related party167,975 167,975 
Deferred commission and other acquisition expenses (includes $20,822 and $23,632 from related parties in 2023 and 2022, respectively)
21,989 24,976 
Funds withheld receivable: (includes $351,525 and $416,835 from related parties in 2023 and 2022, respectively. Allowance for expected credit losses: 2023 - $18)
371,416 441,412 
  Other assets8,140 7,874 
Total assets
$1,756,081 $1,846,866 
LIABILITIES
Reserve for loss and loss adjustment expenses (includes $932,622 and $988,684 from related parties in 2023 and 2022, respectively)
$1,071,623 $1,131,408 
Unearned premiums (includes $55,899 and $63,443 from related parties in 2023 and 2022, respectively)
58,789 67,081 
   Deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance49,281 47,708 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities (includes $38,324 and $33,278 from related parties in 2023 and 2022, respectively)
50,975 60,518 
   Senior notes - principal amount262,500 262,500 
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs7,881 6,928 
   Senior notes, net254,619 255,572 
Total liabilities
1,485,287 1,562,287 
Commitments and Contingencies
EQUITY
Common shares ($0.01 par value; 149,583,812 and 149,224,080 shares issued in 2023 and 2022, respectively; 101,763,727 and 101,532,151 shares outstanding in 2023 and 2022, respectively)
1,496 1,492 
   Additional paid-in capital885,125 884,259 
   Accumulated other comprehensive loss(38,760)(41,234)
   Accumulated deficit(459,704)(442,863)
Treasury shares, at cost (47,820,085 and 47,691,929 shares in 2023 and 2022, respectively)
(117,363)(117,075)
Total shareholders’ equity
270,794 284,579 
Total liabilities and equity
$1,756,081 $1,846,866 
See accompanying notes to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
3

MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except per share data)
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
20232022
Revenues
Gross premiums written
$836 $(10,170)
Net premiums written
$760 $(10,323)
Change in unearned premiums
8,242 11,445 
Net premiums earned
9,002 1,122 
Other insurance (expense) revenue, net(59)51 
Net investment income
9,545 6,567 
Net realized and unrealized investment gains1,005 2,309 
Total revenues
19,493 10,049 
Expenses
Net loss and loss adjustment expenses
9,815 (2,283)
Commission and other acquisition expenses
4,235 2,528 
General and administrative expenses
10,108 10,886 
Interest and amortization expenses
3,824 4,832 
Foreign exchange and other losses (gains)2,816 (3,949)
Total expenses
30,798 12,014 
Loss before income taxes and interest in income of equity method investments(11,305)(1,965)
Less: income tax (benefit) expense(28)1,255 
Interest in (loss) income of equity method investments(51)1,271 
Net loss(11,328)(1,949)
Gain from repurchase of preference shares— 3,543 
Net (loss) income (attributable) available to Maiden common shareholders$(11,328)$1,594 
Basic and diluted earnings per share attributable to common shareholders$(0.11)$0.02 
Weighted average number of common shares - basic101,552,364 86,547,173 
Adjusted weighted average number of common shares and assumed conversions - diluted101,552,364 86,550,815 

See accompanying notes to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
4

MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
20232022
Net loss$(11,328)$(1,949)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Net unrealized holdings gains (losses) on AFS securities arising during period1,936 (17,464)
Net unrealized holdings gains on equity method investments arising during period— 4,414 
Adjustment for reclassification of net realized gains recognized in net loss— (5,238)
Foreign currency translation adjustment568 5,592 
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax2,504 (12,696)
Income tax (expense) benefit related to components of other comprehensive loss(30)129 
Other comprehensive income (loss), after tax2,474 (12,567)
Comprehensive loss$(8,854)$(14,516)

See accompanying notes to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
5

MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
20232022
Preference shares - Series A, C and D
Beginning balance
$— $159,210 
Repurchase of Preference Shares – Series C
— (4,500)
Repurchase of Preference Shares – Series D
— (2,372)
Ending balance
— 152,338 
Common shares
Beginning balance
1,492 923 
Issuance of common shares from vesting of stock based compensation4 10 
Ending balance
1,496 933 
Additional paid-in capital
Beginning balance
884,259 768,650 
Issuance of common shares from vesting of stock based compensation(4)(10)
Share-based compensation expense
777 2,040 
Exchange and repurchase of preference shares93 230 
Ending balance
885,125 770,910 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
Beginning balance
(41,234)(12,215)
Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses)1,906 (18,159)
Foreign currency translation adjustment
568 5,592 
Ending balance
(38,760)(24,782)
Accumulated deficit
Beginning balance
(442,863)(498,295)
Opening allowance for expected credit losses(5,513)— 
Net loss(11,328)(1,949)
Gain from repurchase of preference shares— 3,543 
Ending balance
(459,704)(496,701)
Treasury shares
Beginning balance
(117,075)(34,016)
Shares repurchased for tax purposes(288)(1,017)
Ending balance
(117,363)(35,033)
Total shareholders' equity
$270,794 $367,665 
See accompanying notes to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
6

MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
For the Three Months Ended March 31,20232022
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss$(11,328)$(1,949)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash flows from operating activities:
Depreciation, amortization and share-based compensation(579)2,075 
Interest in loss (income) of equity method investments51 (1,271)
Net realized and unrealized investment gains(1,005)(2,309)
Change in expected credit losses(32)— 
Foreign exchange and other losses (gains)2,816 (3,949)
Changes in assets – (increase) decrease:
Reinsurance balances receivable, net269 1,456 
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses906 3,531 
Accrued investment income(1,297)359 
Deferred commission and other acquisition expenses2,967 4,071 
Funds withheld receivable958 449 
Other assets(362)105 
Changes in liabilities – increase (decrease):
Reserve for loss and loss adjustment expenses4,597 (92,843)
Unearned premiums(8,242)(11,452)
Deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance— 5,184 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities(10,066)20,465 
Net cash used in operating activities(20,347)(76,078)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of fixed maturities (2,709)(12,963)
Purchases of other investments(8,552)(9,127)
Purchases of equity method investments(2,329)(27,979)
Purchases of equity securities(1,000)(5,363)
Proceeds from sales of fixed maturities 954 101,604 
Proceeds from maturities, paydowns and calls of fixed maturities8,014 15,482 
Proceeds from sale and redemption of other investments10,318 409 
Proceeds from sale and redemption of equity method investments10,579 24,090 
Others, net(8)(28)
Net cash provided by investing activities15,267 86,125 
Cash flows from financing activities:
Repurchase of common shares(288)(794)
Repurchase of preference shares— (3,099)
Net cash used in financing activities(288)(3,893)
Effect of exchange rate changes on foreign currency cash, restricted cash and equivalents 105 (355)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, restricted cash and cash equivalents(5,263)5,799 
Cash, restricted cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period46,624 66,087 
Cash, restricted cash and cash equivalents, end of period$41,361 $71,886 
Reconciliation of cash and restricted cash reported within Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets:
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period$24,194 $36,975 
Restricted cash and cash equivalents, end of period17,167 34,911 
Total cash, restricted cash and cash equivalents, end of period$41,361 $71,886 
See accompanying notes to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
7
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)

1. Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. ("Parent Company" or "Maiden Holdings") and its subsidiaries (the "Company" or "Maiden"). They have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X as promulgated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. All significant intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated.
These interim unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements reflect all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim period and all such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The results of operations for the interim period are not necessarily indicative, if annualized, of those to be expected for the full year. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
These unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, including these notes, should be read in conjunction with the Company's audited Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Certain prior year comparatives have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. The effect of these reclassifications had no impact on previously reported shareholders' equity or net income.
Maiden creates shareholder value by actively managing and allocating our assets and capital, including through ownership and management of businesses and assets primarily in the insurance and related financial services industries where we can leverage our deep knowledge of those markets. We are currently underwriting reinsurance risks on a retroactive basis through our indirect wholly owned subsidiary Genesis Legacy Solutions ("GLS") which provides a full range of legacy services to small insurance companies, particularly those in run-off or with blocks of reserves that are no longer core to operations. GLS works with clients to develop and implement finality solutions including acquiring entire companies that enable our clients to meet their capital and risk management objectives. We expect this legacy solutions business to contribute to our active asset and capital management strategies. The Company does not presently underwrite prospective reinsurance risks.
Short-term income protection business is written on a primary basis by our wholly owned subsidiaries Maiden Life Försäkrings AB ("Maiden LF") and Maiden General Försäkrings AB ("Maiden GF") in the Scandinavian and Northern European markets. Insurance support services are provided to Maiden LF and Maiden GF by our wholly owned subsidiary services company, Maiden Global Holdings Ltd. (“Maiden Global”), which is also a licensed intermediary in the United Kingdom. Maiden Global had previously operated internationally by providing branded auto and credit life insurance products through insurer partners, particularly those in the European Union ("EU") and other global markets ("IIS business"). These products also produced reinsurance programs which were underwritten by our wholly owned subsidiary Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. (“Maiden Reinsurance”).
The Company also has various historic reinsurance programs underwritten by Maiden Reinsurance which are in run-off, including the liabilities associated with AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. ("AmTrust") reinsurance agreements which were terminated in 2019 as discussed in "Note 10. Related Party Transactions". In addition, the Company has a retroactive reinsurance agreement and a commutation agreement that further reduces its exposure and limits the potential volatility related to AmTrust liabilities, which are discussed in "Note 8. Reinsurance". Please see the Company's audited Consolidated Financial Statements, and related notes thereto, included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for further details.

8
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
2. Significant Accounting Policies
There have been no material changes to the significant accounting policies as described in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, except for the following:
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
Accounting for Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-13 "Financial Instruments: Credit Losses (Topic 326)" replacing the "incurred loss" impairment methodology with an approach based on "expected losses" to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The guidance requires financial assets to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the cost of the financial asset to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset.
ASU 2016-13 also modified the accounting for available-for-sale ("AFS") debt securities, which must be individually assessed for credit losses when fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, in accordance with Subtopic 326-30, Financial Instruments: Credit Losses Available-for-Sale Debt Securities. Credit losses relating to AFS debt securities will be recorded through an allowance for credit losses rather than under the previous OTTI methodology.
In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04 for targeted improvements related to ASU 2016-13 which clarify that an entity should include all expected recoveries in its estimate of the allowance for credit losses. In addition, for collateral dependent financial assets, the amendments mandate that an allowance for credit losses that is added to the amortized cost basis of the financial asset should not exceed amounts previously written off. It also clarifies FASB’s intent to include all reinsurance recoverables within the scope of Topic 944 to be within the scope of Subtopic 326-20, regardless of the measurement basis of those recoverables. The Company's reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses is currently the most significant financial asset within the scope of ASU 2016-13.
The guidance is effective for public business entities, excluding entities eligible to be smaller reporting companies ("SRCs") as defined by the SEC, for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods therein. The guidance is effective for all other entities, including public entities eligible to be SRCs, for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. As of March 31, 2023, the Company qualified for SRC status, as determined on the last business day of its most recently completed second quarter, and remains eligible to follow the reporting deadlines and effective dates applicable to SRCs. Therefore, Topic 326 was adopted by the Company on January 1, 2023 and recognized an opening allowance for expected credit losses of $5,513 in the beginning retained earnings on January 1, 2023.
Credit Losses - AFS Fixed Maturity Securities
An AFS fixed maturity security is considered impaired if the fair value of the investment is below its amortized cost. On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates all AFS fixed maturities for impairment losses. If an AFS fixed maturity security is impaired and the Company intends to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery, the full amount of the impairment loss is charged immediately to net income (loss) and is included in net investment gains (losses).
If the Company does not intend to sell or will not be required to sell the impaired security before its anticipated recovery, the Company determines whether the decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis has resulted from a credit loss impairment or other factors. If the Company does not anticipate to fully recover the amortized cost, an allowance for expected credit losses is established. The allowance for expected credit losses is limited to the difference between a security's amortized cost basis and its fair value. The allowance for expected credit losses is charged to net income (loss) and is included in net investment gains (losses).
On a quarterly basis, the Company assesses whether unrealized losses on its AFS fixed maturity securities represent credit impairments by considering the following factors: the extent to which its fair value is less than its amortized cost; adverse conditions related to the specific security, industry, or geographical area; any recent downgrades in the security's credit rating by a credit rating agency; and if failure of the issuer to make scheduled principal or interest payments exists.
The length of time a security has been in an unrealized loss position no longer impacts the determination of whether a credit loss impairment exists. If a security is assessed to be credit impaired, it is subject to discounted cash flow analysis by comparing the present value of expected future cash flows with the amortized cost basis. If the present value of expected cash flows is less than the amortized cost, then a credit loss exists and an allowance for expected credit losses is recognized. If the present value of expected future cash flows is equal to or greater than the amortized cost basis, an expected credit loss does not exist. The non-credit impairment amount of the loss related to changes in interest rates and market conditions is recognized in other comprehensive income. The Company reports accrued interest receivable related to AFS securities separately and has elected not to measure an allowance for expected credit losses for accrued interest receivable. Write-offs of accrued interest receivable balances are recognized in net investment gains and losses in the period in which they are deemed uncollectible.
Based on the Company's analysis, there was no allowance for expected credit losses recognized on AFS securities held at March 31, 2023.

9
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
2. Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Credit Losses - Other Investments
The Company's investments in direct lending entities are carried at cost less an allowance for expected credit losses, with any indication of credit loss recognized in net income or loss when determined to be needed from the Company's analysis of expected future cash flows. As of March 31, 2023, the total allowance for expected credit losses on the Company's investment in direct lending entities was $1,023. Please see "Note 5(d). Fair Value Measurements" for additional information regarding this investment.
Credit Losses - Reinsurance Recoverable on Unpaid Losses
Reinsurance recoverable balances are reviewed for impairment on a quarterly basis and are presented net of an allowance for expected credit losses. A case-specific allowance for expected credit losses against reinsurance recoverables that the Company deems unlikely to be collected in full, is estimated based on the Company's analysis of amounts due, historical delinquencies and write-offs. In addition, a default analysis is used to estimate an allowance for expected credit losses on the remainder of the reinsurance recoverable balance. The principal components of the default analysis are reinsurance recoverable balances by reinsurer and default factors applied to estimate uncollectible amounts based on reinsurers’ credit ratings and the length of collection periods. The default factors are based on a model developed by a major rating agency. The default analysis considers both current and forecasted economic conditions in the determination of the credit loss allowance.
The Company records credit loss expenses related to reinsurance recoverable in net incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income. Any adjustment to the allowance for expected credit losses is recognized in the period in which it is determined. Write-offs of reinsurance recoverable balances, together with associated allowances for expected credit losses, are recognized in the period in which balances are deemed uncollectible. The Company does not have a history of significant write-offs. As of March 31, 2023, the total allowance for expected credit losses on the Company's reinsurance recoverable balance was $4,254 which is discussed in more detail in "Note 8. Reinsurance".
Credit Losses - Reinsurance Balances Receivable
Reinsurance balances receivable are reviewed for impairment on a quarterly basis and are presented net of an allowance for expected credit losses. The allowance for expected credit losses is estimated based on the Company's analysis of amounts due, historical delinquencies and write-offs, and current economic conditions, together with reasonable and supportable forecasts of short-term economic conditions. The allowance for expected credit losses is recognized in net income (loss) and any adjustment to the allowance for expected credit losses is recognized in the period in which it is determined. Write-offs of premium balances receivable, together with associated allowances for expected credit losses, are recognized in the period in which balances are deemed uncollectible. The Company does not have a history of significant write-offs. As of March 31, 2023, the total allowance for expected credit losses on the Company's reinsurance balances receivable was $190.
Credit Losses - Funds Withheld Receivable
Funds withheld receivable are reviewed for impairment on a quarterly basis and are presented net of an allowance for expected credit losses. The allowance for expected credit losses is estimated based on the Company's analysis of amounts due, historical delinquencies and write-offs, and current economic conditions, together with reasonable and supportable forecasts of short-term economic conditions. The allowance for expected credit losses is recognized in net income (loss) and any adjustment to the allowance for expected credit losses is recognized in the period in which it is determined. Write-offs of funds withheld receivable, together with associated allowances for expected credit losses, are recognized in the period in which balances are deemed uncollectible. The Company does not have a history of significant write-offs. As of March 31, 2023, the total allowance for expected credit losses on the Company's funds withheld receivable was $18.
10
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
3. Segment Information
The Company currently has two reportable segments: Diversified Reinsurance and AmTrust Reinsurance. Our Diversified Reinsurance segment consists of a portfolio of predominantly property and casualty reinsurance business focusing on regional and specialty property and casualty insurance companies located primarily in Europe. This segment also includes transactions entered into by GLS as described in "Note 1. Basis of Presentation. Our AmTrust Reinsurance segment includes all business ceded to Maiden Reinsurance by AmTrust, primarily the quota share reinsurance agreement (“AmTrust Quota Share”) between Maiden Reinsurance and AmTrust’s wholly owned subsidiary, AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. (“AII”) and the European hospital liability quota share reinsurance contract ("European Hospital Liability Quota Share") with AmTrust’s wholly owned subsidiaries, AmTrust Europe Limited ("AEL") and AmTrust International Underwriters DAC ("AIU DAC"), which are both in run-off effective January 1, 2019. Please refer to "Note 10. Related Party Transactions" for additional information regarding the AmTrust Reinsurance segment.
The Company evaluates segment performance based on segment profit separately from the results of our investment portfolio. General and administrative expenses are allocated to the segments on an actual basis except salaries and benefits where management’s judgment is applied; however, general corporate expenses are not allocated to the segments. In determining total assets by reportable segment, the Company identifies those assets that are attributable to a particular segment such as reinsurance balances receivable, reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses, deferred commission and other acquisition expenses, funds withheld receivable, loan to related party and restricted cash and investments. All remaining assets are allocated to Corporate.
The following tables summarize the underwriting results of our reportable segments and the reconciliation of our reportable segments' underwriting results to consolidated net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023Diversified ReinsuranceAmTrust ReinsuranceTotal
Gross premiums written
$6,849 $(6,013)$836 
Net premiums written
$6,773 $(6,013)$760 
Net premiums earned
$7,471 $1,531 $9,002 
Other insurance revenue
(59)— (59)
Net loss and LAE(3,156)(6,659)(9,815)
Commission and other acquisition expenses
(3,656)(579)(4,235)
General and administrative expenses
(2,589)(557)(3,146)
Underwriting loss$(1,989)$(6,264)(8,253)
Reconciliation to net loss
Net investment income and net realized and unrealized investment gains10,550 
Interest and amortization expenses
(3,824)
Foreign exchange and other losses, net(2,816)
Other general and administrative expenses
(6,962)
Income tax benefit28 
Interest in loss of equity method investments(51)
Net loss$(11,328)
11
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
3. Segment Information (continued)
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022Diversified ReinsuranceAmTrust ReinsuranceTotal
Gross premiums written
$4,736 $(14,906)$(10,170)
Net premiums written
$4,583 $(14,906)$(10,323)
Net premiums earned
$5,955 $(4,833)$1,122 
Other insurance revenue
51 — 51 
Net loss and LAE
1,360 923 2,283 
Commission and other acquisition expenses
(3,771)1,243 (2,528)
General and administrative expenses
(2,098)(485)(2,583)
Underwriting income (loss) $1,497 $(3,152)(1,655)
Reconciliation to net loss
Net investment income and net realized and unrealized investment gains8,876 
Interest and amortization expenses
(4,832)
Foreign exchange and other gains, net3,949 
Other general and administrative expenses
(8,303)
Income tax expense(1,255)
Interest in income from equity method investments1,271 
Net loss$(1,949)


The following tables summarize the financial position of the Company's reportable segments including the reconciliation to the Company's consolidated total assets at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
March 31, 2023Diversified ReinsuranceAmTrust ReinsuranceTotal
Total assets - reportable segments
$89,476 $1,266,141 $1,355,617 
Corporate assets
— — 400,464 
Total Assets
$89,476 $1,266,141 $1,756,081 
December 31, 2022Diversified ReinsuranceAmTrust ReinsuranceTotal
Total assets - reportable segments
$97,290 $1,342,852 $1,440,142 
Corporate assets
— — 406,724 
Total Assets
$97,290 $1,342,852 $1,846,866 


12
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
3. Segment Information (continued)
The following tables set forth financial information relating to net premiums written by major line of business and reportable segment for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,20232022
Net premiums written
TotalTotal
Diversified Reinsurance
International
$6,773 $4,583 
Total Diversified Reinsurance
6,773 4,583 
AmTrust Reinsurance
Small Commercial Business
(83)(11,722)
Specialty Program
156 837 
Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty
(6,086)(4,021)
Total AmTrust Reinsurance
(6,013)(14,906)
Total Net Premiums Written
$760 $(10,323)
The following tables set forth financial information for net premiums earned by major line of business and reportable segment for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,20232022
Net premiums earned
TotalTotal
Diversified Reinsurance
International
$7,471 $5,955 
Total Diversified Reinsurance
7,471 5,955 
AmTrust Reinsurance
Small Commercial Business
(83)(11,710)
Specialty Program
156 838 
Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty
1,458 6,039 
Total AmTrust Reinsurance
1,531 (4,833)
Total Net Premiums Earned
$9,002 $1,122 


13
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
4. Investments
The Company holds: (i) available-for-sale ("AFS") portfolios of fixed maturity and equity securities, carried at fair value; (ii) other investments, of which certain investments are carried at fair value and investments in direct lending entities are carried at cost less impairment; (iii) equity method investments; and (iv) funds held - directly managed.
a)Fixed Maturities
The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of fixed maturities at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows:
March 31, 2023Original or amortized costGross unrealized gainsGross unrealized lossesFair value
U.S. treasury bonds
$51,030 $2 $(89)$50,943 
U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed
37,900 — (3,739)34,161 
Collateralized mortgage-backed securities7,199 — (386)6,813 
Non-U.S. government bonds14,730 — (750)13,980 
Collateralized loan obligations120,466 — (4,805)115,661 
Corporate bonds
96,014 — (4,209)91,805 
Total fixed maturity investments
$327,339 $2 $(13,978)$313,363 

December 31, 2022Original or amortized costGross unrealized gainsGross unrealized lossesFair value
U.S. treasury bonds
$55,647 $1 $(116)$55,532 
U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed
38,767 — (4,402)34,365 
Collateralized mortgage-backed securities7,199 — (432)6,767 
Non-U.S. government bonds12,643 — (825)11,818 
Collateralized loan obligations119,120 — (5,028)114,092 
Corporate bonds
97,063 — (5,110)91,953 
Total fixed maturity investments
$330,439 $1 $(15,913)$314,527 
The contractual maturities of our fixed maturities are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
March 31, 2023Amortized costFair value
Due in one year or less
$74,671 $74,280 
Due after one year through five years
78,115 74,301 
Due after five years through ten years
8,988 8,147 
161,774 156,728 
U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed
37,900 34,161 
Collateralized mortgage-backed securities7,199 6,813 
Collateralized loan obligations120,466 115,661 
Total fixed maturity investments
$327,339 $313,363 

14
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
4. Investments (continued)
The following tables summarize fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position and the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position:
Less than 12 Months12 Months or MoreTotal
March 31, 2023Fair
value		Unrealized
losses		Fair
value		Unrealized
losses		Fair
value		Unrealized
losses
U.S. treasury bonds
$49,913 $(89)$— $— $49,913 $(89)
U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed
31,248 (3,084)2,913 (655)34,161 (3,739)
Collateralized mortgage-backed securities6,813 (386)— — 6,813 (386)
Non-U.S. government bonds12,047 (750)— — 12,047 (750)
Collateralized loan obligations18,101 (996)97,560 (3,809)115,661 (4,805)
Corporate bonds
86,946 (3,503)4,859 (706)91,805 (4,209)
Total temporarily impaired fixed maturities
$205,068 $(8,808)$105,332 $(5,170)$310,400 $(13,978)
At March 31, 2023, there were 84 securities in an unrealized loss position with a fair value of $310,400 and unrealized losses of $13,978. Of these securities in an unrealized loss position, there were 60 securities in our portfolio that have been in an unrealized loss position for twelve months or greater with a fair value of $105,332 and unrealized losses of $5,170.
Less than 12 Months12 Months or MoreTotal
December 31, 2022Fair
value		Unrealized
losses		Fair
value		Unrealized
losses		Fair
value		Unrealized
losses
U.S. treasury bonds
$53,094 $(114)$148 $(2)$53,242 $(116)
U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed
31,394 (3,697)2,971 (705)34,365 (4,402)
Collateralized mortgage-backed securities6,768 (432)— — 6,768 (432)
Non-U.S. government bonds11,818 (825)— — 11,818 (825)
Collateralized loan obligations17,959 (1,032)96,133 (3,996)114,092 (5,028)
Corporate bonds
87,212 (4,325)4,740 (785)91,952 (5,110)
Total temporarily impaired fixed maturities
$208,245 $(10,425)$103,992 $(5,488)$312,237 $(15,913)
At December 31, 2022, there were 88 securities in an unrealized loss position with a fair value of $312,237 and unrealized losses of $15,913. Of these securities in an unrealized loss position, there were 26 securities in our portfolio that have been in an unrealized loss position for twelve months or greater with a fair value of $103,992 and unrealized losses of $5,488.
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses & Non-Credit Related Impairment Costs
The Company evaluates AFS securities for impairment when fair value is below amortized cost on a quarterly basis. If the Company intends to sell or will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery, the full amount of the impairment loss is charged to net income (loss) and included in net investment gains (losses). If the Company does not intend to sell or will not be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery, an allowance for expected credit losses is established and the portion of the loss relating to credit factors is recorded in net income (loss). The non-credit impairment amount of the loss (which could be related to interest rates and/or market conditions) is recognized in other comprehensive income.
To estimate the allowance for expected credit losses for most of the AFS securities, the Company analyzes projected cash flows which are primarily driven by assumptions regarding loss severity, probability of default and projected recovery rates. The Company's determination of default and loss severity rates are based on credit rating, credit analysis and macroeconomic forecasts. Unrealized losses on securities issued or backed, either explicitly or implicitly by the U.S. government are not analyzed for credit losses. The Company has concluded that any possibility of a credit loss on these securities is highly unlikely due to the explicit U.S. government guarantee related to certain securities (e.g., Government National Mortgage Association issuances) and the implicit guarantee related to other securities that has been validated by past actions (e.g., U.S. government bailout of Federal National Mortgage Association and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation during the 2008 credit crisis). Although these securities are not analyzed for credit losses, they are evaluated for impairment based on the Company's intention to sell and likely requirement to sell.
Based on the Company's analysis at March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, the Company did not recognize any impairment on its AFS fixed maturity securities as the Company expects the amortized cost basis will ultimately be recovered based on projected cash flows as the related securities approach maturity. The Company continues to monitor the credit quality of the AFS securities to assess if it is probable that it will receive contractual or estimated cash flows in the form of principal and interest. Therefore, as the unrealized losses were due to non-credit factors, there was no allowance recorded for expected credit losses on AFS securities for the three months ended March 31, 2023.
15
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
4. Investments (continued)

The following tables summarize the credit ratings of our fixed maturities as at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
March 31, 2023Amortized costFair value% of Total
fair value
U.S. treasury bonds
$51,030 $50,943 16.3 %
U.S. agency bonds
37,900 34,161 10.9 %
AAA
114,065 109,631 35.0 %
AA+, AA, AA-
26,119 24,895 7.9 %
A+, A, A-
36,790 34,565 11.0 %
BBB+, BBB, BBB-
56,015 54,047 17.3 %
BB+ or lower
5,420 5,121 1.6 %
Total fixed maturities (1)
$327,339 $313,363 100.0 %

December 31, 2022Amortized costFair value% of Total
fair value
U.S. treasury bonds
$55,647 $55,532 17.7 %
U.S. agency bonds
38,767 34,365 10.9 %
AAA
112,775 108,136 34.4 %
AA+, AA, AA-
23,974 22,640 7.2 %
A+, A, A-
38,549 35,996 11.4 %
BBB+, BBB, BBB-
55,374 53,094 16.9 %
BB+ or lower
5,353 4,764 1.5 %
Total fixed maturities(1)
$330,439 $314,527 100.0 %
(1)Ratings above are based on Standard & Poor’s ("S&P"), or equivalent, ratings.

b)Other Investments, Equity Securities and Equity Method Investments
Certain of the Company's other investments and equity method investments are subject to restrictions on redemptions and sales that are determined by the governing documents, which could limit our ability to liquidate those investments. These restrictions may include lock-ups, redemption gates, restricted share classes, restrictions on the frequency of redemption and notice periods. A gate is the ability to deny or delay a redemption request. Certain other investments and equity method investments may not have any restrictions governing their sale, but there is no active market and no guarantee that we will be able to execute a sale in a timely manner. In addition, even if certain other investments and equity method investments are not eligible for redemption or sales are restricted, the Company may still receive income distributions from those investments.
Other investments
The table shows the composition of the Company's other investments as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Carrying value% of Total Carrying value% of Total
Private equity funds$38,213 26.1 %$34,278 23.0 %
Private credit funds17,605 12.1 %24,374 16.4 %
Privately held equity investments33,255 22.7 %34,014 22.9 %
Total other investments at fair value89,073 60.9 %92,666 62.3 %
Investments in direct lending entities (at cost)57,250 39.1 %56,087 37.7 %
Total other investments$146,323 100.0 %$148,753 100.0 %
The Company's investments in direct lending entities of $57,250 at March 31, 2023 (December 31, 2022 - $56,087) are carried at cost less an allowance for expected credit losses, with any indication of credit loss recognized in net income when determined. An allowance for expected credit losses of $1,023 was reported on the investments in direct lending entities as at March 31, 2023 and recorded in opening retained earnings on January 1, 2023. Please see "Note 5(d). Fair Value Measurements" for additional information regarding this investment.
16
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
4. Investments (continued)
Equity Securities
Equity securities include publicly traded equity investments in common stocks and privately held equity investments in common and preferred stocks. The Company's publicly traded equity investments in common stocks trade on major exchanges. The Company's privately held equity investments in common and preferred stocks are direct investments in companies that the Company believes offer attractive risk adjusted returns or offer other strategic advantages. Each investment may have its own unique terms and conditions and there may be restrictions on disposals. There is no active market for these investments.
The following table provides the cost and fair values of the equity securities held at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
 March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
CostFair ValueCostFair Value
Publicly traded equity investments in common stocks$559 $402 $559 $386 
Privately held common stocks32,775 31,911 32,775 32,290 
Privately held preferred stocks8,175 12,953 7,175 10,945 
Total equity securities$41,509 $45,266 $40,509 $43,621 
Equity Method Investments
The equity method investments include real estate investments, hedge fund investments, and other investments. The table below shows the carrying value of the Company's equity method investments as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
 March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Carrying Value% of TotalCarrying Value% of Total
Real estate investments$41,104 57.2 %$40,944 51.1 %
Hedge fund investments517 0.7 %5,376 6.7 %
Other investments30,275 42.1 %33,839 42.2 %
Total equity method investments$71,896 100.0 %$80,159 100.0 %
The equity method investments above include limited partnerships which are variable interests issued by variable interest entities ("VIEs"). The Company does not have the power to direct the activities that are most significant to the economic performance of these VIEs, therefore, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. The Company is deemed to have limited influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee and accordingly, these investments are reported under the equity method of accounting. In applying the equity method of accounting, the investments are initially recorded at cost and are subsequently adjusted based on the Company’s proportionate share of the investee's net income or loss. Generally, the maximum exposure to loss on these interests is limited to the amount of commitment made by the Company as more fully described in "Note 11 - Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees" in these condensed consolidated financial statements.
c)Net Investment Income
Net investment income was derived from the following sources for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
20232022
Fixed maturities
$2,418 $2,654 
Income on funds withheld3,335 2,624 
Interest income from loan to related party2,698 879 
Cash and cash equivalents and other investments1,193 593 
9,644 6,750 
Investment expenses
(99)(183)
Net investment income
$9,545 $6,567 



17
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
4. Investments (continued)
d) Net Realized and Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)
Realized gains or losses on the sale of investments are determined on the basis of the first in first out cost method. The following tables show the net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) included in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023Gross gainsGross lossesNet
Equity securities$1,024 $(378)$646 
Other investments1,641 (1,282)359 
Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses)$2,665 $(1,660)$1,005 
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022Gross gainsGross lossesNet
Fixed maturities
$1,238 $(95)$1,143 
Equity securities— (487)(487)
Other investments
1,913 (260)1,653 
Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses)$3,151 $(842)$2,309 
Realized and unrealized gains and losses from equity securities detailed above include both sales of equity securities and unrealized gains and losses stemming from fair value changes. The unrealized gains (losses) recognized in net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 for investments still held at March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were as follows:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
Net gains (losses) recognized for equity securities$646 $(487)
Net gains recognized for equity securities divested(176)— 
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized for equity securities still held at reporting date$470 $(487)
Proceeds from sales of fixed maturity investments were $954 in the three months ended March 31, 2023 (2022 - $101,604).
Net unrealized losses were as follows at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Fixed maturity investments$(13,976)$(15,912)
Total net unrealized losses(13,976)(15,912)
Deferred income tax
214 244 
Net unrealized losses, net of deferred income tax$(13,762)$(15,668)
Change, net of deferred income tax
$1,906 $(12,975)
e)Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents and Investments
The Company is required to provide collateral for its reinsurance liabilities under various reinsurance agreements and utilizes trust accounts to collateralize business with reinsurance counterparties. The assets in trust as collateral are primarily cash and highly rated fixed maturities. The fair values of restricted assets at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
  Restricted cash – third party agreements$14,306 $13,122 
  Restricted cash – related party agreements2,861 2,516 
  Total restricted cash17,167 15,638 
Restricted investments – in trust for third party agreements at fair value (amortized cost: 2023 – $45,497; 2022 – $48,181)
45,456 48,101 
Restricted investments – in trust for related party agreements at fair value (amortized cost: 2023 – $233,957; 2022 – $246,325)
223,183 233,091 
Total restricted investments
268,639 281,192 
Total restricted cash and investments
$285,806 $296,830 
18
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
(a) Fair Values of Financial Instruments
Fair Value Measurements — Accounting Standards Codification Topic 820, "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures" ("ASC 820") defines fair value as the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between open market participants at the measurement date. Additionally, ASC 820 establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the reliability of inputs:
•Level 1 — Valuations based on unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access. Because valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these products does not entail a significant degree of judgment. Examples of assets and liabilities utilizing Level 1 inputs include: U.S. Treasury bonds; and publicly traded equity securities;
•Level 2 — Valuations based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or valuations based on models where the significant inputs are observable (e.g. interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severity, etc.) or can be corroborated by observable market data. Examples of assets and liabilities utilizing Level 2 inputs include: U.S. government-sponsored agency securities; non-U.S. government and supranational obligations; commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS"); collateralized loan obligations ("CLO"); corporate and municipal bonds; and
•Level 3 — Valuations based on models where significant inputs are not observable. The unobservable inputs reflect our own assumptions about assumptions that market participants would use developed on the basis of the best information available in the particular circumstances. Examples of assets and liabilities utilizing Level 3 inputs include: an investment in preference shares of a start-up insurance producer.
The availability of observable inputs can vary and is affected by a wide variety of factors, including, for example, the type of financial instrument, whether the financial instrument is new and not yet established in the marketplace, and other characteristics particular to the transaction. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires significantly more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by management in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in the Level 3 hierarchy.
The Company uses prices and inputs that are current as at the measurement date. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for many instruments. This condition could cause an instrument to be reclassified between hierarchy levels.
For investments that have quoted market prices in active markets, the Company uses the quoted market prices as fair value and includes these in the Level 1 hierarchy. The Company receives the quoted market prices from a third party nationally recognized provider ("the Pricing Service"). When quoted market prices are unavailable, the Company utilizes the Pricing Service to determine an estimate of fair value. The fair value estimates are included in the Level 2 hierarchy. The Company will challenge any prices for its investments which are considered not to be representative of fair value.
If quoted market prices and an estimate from the Pricing Service are unavailable, the Company produces an estimate of fair value based on dealer quotations for recent activity in positions with the same or similar characteristics to that being valued. The Company determines whether the fair value estimate is in the Level 2 or Level 3 hierarchy depending on the level of observable inputs available when estimating the fair value. The Company bases its estimates of fair values for assets on the bid price as it represents what a third party market participant would be willing to pay in an orderly transaction.
ASC 825, "Disclosure About Fair Value of Financial Instruments", requires all entities to disclose the fair value of their financial instruments for assets and liabilities recognized and not recognized in the balance sheet, for which it is practicable to estimate fair value. The following describes the valuation techniques used by the Company to determine the fair value of financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis held at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
U.S. government and U.S. agency bonds — Bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury, the Federal Home Loan Bank, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, Government National Mortgage Association, Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Farm Credit Banks Funding Corporation. The fair values of U.S. treasury bonds are based on quoted market prices in active markets, and are included in the Level 1 fair value hierarchy. We believe the market for U.S. treasury bonds is an actively traded market given the high level of daily trading volume. The fair values of U.S. agency bonds are determined using the spread above the risk-free yield curve. As the yields for the risk-free yield curve and the spreads for these securities are observable market inputs, the fair values of U.S. agency bonds are included in the Level 2 fair value hierarchy.
Non-U.S. government bonds — These securities are generally priced by independent pricing services. The Pricing Service may use current market trades for securities with similar quality, maturity and coupon. If no such trades are available, the Pricing Service typically uses analytical models which may incorporate spreads, interest rate data and market/sector news. As the significant inputs used to price non-U.S. government bonds are observable market inputs, the fair values of non-U.S. government bonds are included in the Level 2 fair value hierarchy.

19
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
Collateralized loan obligations ("CLO") - These asset backed securities are originated by a variety of financial institutions that on acquisition are rated BBB-/Baa3 or higher. These securities are priced by independent pricing services and brokers. The pricing provider applies dealer quotes and other available trade information, prepayment speeds, yield curves and credit spreads to the valuation. As the significant inputs used to price the CLO are observable market inputs, the fair values are included in the Level 2 fair value hierarchy.
Commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS") - These asset backed securities are originated by a variety of financial institutions that on acquisition are rated BBB-/Baa3 or higher. These securities are priced by independent pricing services and brokers. The pricing provider applies dealer quotes and other available trade information, prepayment speeds, yield curves and credit spreads to the valuation. As the significant inputs used to price the CMBS are observable market inputs, the fair values are included in the Level 2 fair value hierarchy.
Corporate and municipal bonds — Bonds issued by corporations, U.S. state and municipality entities or agencies that on acquisition are rated BBB-/Baa3 or higher. These securities are generally priced by independent pricing services. The credit spreads are sourced from broker/dealers, trade prices and new issue market. Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, custodian pricing or non-binding quotes are obtained from broker-dealers to estimate fair values. As significant inputs used to price corporate and municipal bonds are observable market inputs, fair values are included in the Level 2 fair value hierarchy.
Equity securities - Equity securities include publicly traded common and preferred stocks, and privately held common and preferred stocks. The fair value of publicly traded common and preferred stocks is primarily priced by pricing services, reflecting the closing price quoted for the final trading day of the period. These investments are carried at fair value using observable market pricing data and is included in the Level 1 fair value hierarchy. Any unrealized gains or losses on the investment is recorded in net income in the reporting period in which it occurs. The privately held common and preferred stocks are valued using significant inputs that are unobservable where there is little or no market activity. Unadjusted third party pricing sources or management's assumptions and internal valuation models may be used to determine the fair values, therefore, these investments are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
Other investments — Includes unquoted investments comprised of the following types of investments:
•Privately held investments: These are direct equity investments in common and preferred shares of privately held entities. The fair values are estimated using quarterly financial statements and/or recent private market transactions and thus are included under Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy due to unobservable market data used for valuation.
•Private credit funds: These are privately held equity investments in common stock of entities that lend money valued using the most recently available or quarterly net asset value ("NAV") statements as provided by the external fund manager or third-party administrator and therefore measured using the NAV as a practical expedient.
•Private equity funds: These are comprised of private equity funds, private equity co-investments with sponsoring entities and investments in real estate limited partnerships and joint ventures. The fair value is estimated based on the most recently available NAV as advised by the external fund manager or third-party administrator. The fair values are therefore measured using the NAV as a practical expedient.
Derivative Instruments - The Company has recently entered into reinsurance contracts that are accounted for as derivatives. These reinsurance contracts provide indemnification to an insured or cedant as a result of a change in a variable as opposed to an identifiable insurable event. The Company considers these contracts to be part of its underwriting operations. The derivatives are initially valued at cost which approximates fair value. In subsequent measurement periods, the fair values of these derivatives are determined using internally developed discounted cash flow models using appropriate discount rates. The selection of an appropriate discount rate is judgmental and is the most significant unobservable input used in the valuation of these derivatives.
The fair value changes in underwriting-related derivative instruments is included within other insurance revenue (expense), net. The derivative liability on retroactive reinsurance is presented as part of accrued expenses and other liabilities. A significant increase (decrease) in this input in isolation may result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement for the derivative contract. As the significant inputs used to price these derivatives are unobservable, the fair values of these contracts are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
(b) Fair Value Hierarchy
The Company’s estimates of fair value for financial assets and financial liabilities are based on the framework established in ASC 820. The framework is based on the inputs used in valuation and gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and requires that observable inputs be used in the valuation methodology whenever available. In determining the level of the hierarchy in which the estimate is disclosed, the highest priority is given to unadjusted quoted prices in active trading markets and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs that reflect significant market assumptions.

20
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company classified its financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the following valuation hierarchy:
March 31, 2023Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)Fair Value Based on NAV Practical ExpedientTotal Fair Value
Fixed maturities
U.S. treasury bonds$50,943 $— $— $— $50,943 
U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed— 34,161 — — 34,161 
Collateralized mortgage-backed bonds— 6,813 — — 6,813 
Non-U.S. government bonds— 13,980 — — 13,980 
Collateralized loan obligations— 115,661 — — 115,661 
Corporate bonds— 91,805 — — 91,805 
Equity securities402 — 19,813 25,051 45,266 
Other investments
— — 1,385 87,688 89,073 
Total investments$51,345 $262,420 $21,198 $112,739 $447,702 
As a percentage of total assets2.9%14.9%1.2%6.4%25.4%
Underwriting-related derivative liability$— $— $3,966 $— $3,966 
December 31, 2022Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)Fair Value Based on NAV Practical ExpedientTotal Fair Value
Fixed maturities
U.S. treasury bonds$55,532 $— $— $— $55,532 
U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed— 34,365 — — 34,365 
Collateralized mortgage-backed bonds— 6,767 — — 6,767 
Non-U.S. government bonds— 11,818 — — 11,818 
Collateralized loan obligations— 114,092 — — 114,092 
Corporate bonds— 91,953 — — 91,953 
Equity securities386 — 17,806 25,429 43,621 
Other investments
— 1,000 1,000 90,666 92,666 
Total investments$55,918 $259,995 $18,806 $116,095 $450,814 
As a percentage of total assets
3.0%14.1%1.0%6.3%24.4%
Underwriting-related derivative liability$— $— $14,559 $— $14,559 
The Company utilizes the Pricing Service to assist in determining the fair value of its investments; however, management is ultimately responsible for all fair values presented in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. This includes responsibility for monitoring the fair value process, ensuring objective and reliable valuation practices, and pricing of assets and liabilities and use of pricing sources. The Company analyzes and reviews the information and prices received from the Pricing Service to ensure that the prices provided represent a reasonable estimate of fair value.
The Pricing Service was utilized to estimate fair value measurements for 98.4% and 98.5% of our fixed maturities at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Pricing Service utilizes market quotations for fixed maturity securities that have quoted market prices in active markets. Since fixed maturities other than U.S. treasury bonds generally do not trade actively on a daily basis, the Pricing Service prepares estimates of fair value measurements using relevant market data, benchmark curves, sector groupings and matrix pricing and these have been classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, approximately 1.6% and 1.5%, respectively, of our fixed maturities were valued using the market approach. At March 31, 2023, one security or $5,121 (December 31, 2022 - one security or $4,764) of our fixed maturity investment portfolio classified as Level 2 in the table above was priced using a quotation from a broker and/or custodian as opposed to the Pricing Service due to lack of information available.
21
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has not adjusted any pricing provided to it based on the review performed by its investment managers. There were no transfers to or from Level 3 during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.
(c) Level 3 Financial Instruments
At March 31, 2023, the Company holds Level 3 financial instruments which include privately held equity investments of $21,198 (December 31, 2022 - $18,806) which are included in total investments and an underwriting-related derivative liability of $3,966 (December 31, 2022 - $14,559) on a reinsurance contract written by GLS which is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities.
The fair value of privately held equity securities are estimated using quarterly unaudited capital or financial statements provided by the investee or recent private market transactions, where applicable. Any changes to the financial information provided by the investee could result in a significantly higher or lower valuation at the reporting date. The fair value of underwriting-related derivative instruments is determined using a discounted cash flow model in which the Company examines current market conditions, historical results as well as contract specific information that may impact future cash flows in order to assess the reasonableness of inputs used in the valuation model. Due to significant unobservable inputs in these valuations, the Company classifies the fair values as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.
The following table provides a summary of quantitative information regarding the significant unobservable inputs used in determining the fair value of other investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis under the Level 3 classification at March 31, 2023:
 Fair ValueValuation TechniqueUnobservable InputsRange
Privately held equity securities - common shares$6,861 Quarterly financial statementsPrice/book ratios of comparable public companies   
Privately held equity securities - preferred shares14,337 Quarterly financial statementsPrivately calculated enterprise valuations
Total Level 3 investments$21,198  
Underwriting-related derivative liability$3,966 Discounted cash flowsDuration matched discount rates2.0%to3.0%
The following table shows the reconciliation of beginning and ending balances for investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company includes any related interest and dividend income in net investment income and are excluded from the reconciliation in the table below:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
Balance - beginning of period$18,806 $7,094 
Net realized and unrealized gains recognized in the statement of income1,392 — 
Purchases1,000 2,566 
Total Level 3 investments - end of period$21,198 $9,660 

(d) Financial Instruments Disclosed, But Not Carried, at Fair Value
The fair value of financial instruments accounting guidance also applies to financial instruments disclosed, but not carried, at fair value, except for certain financial instruments related to insurance contracts.
At March 31, 2023, the carrying values of cash equivalents (including restricted amounts), accrued investment income, reinsurance balances receivable, loan to related party, and certain other assets and liabilities approximate fair values due to their inherent short duration. As these financial instruments are not actively traded, the fair values of these financial instruments are classified as Level 2.
The investments made by direct lending entities are carried at cost less an allowance for expected credit losses, with any indication of credit loss recognized in net income when determined. The net carrying value of which approximates fair value. The fair value estimates of these investments are not based on observable market data and, as a result, are classified as Level 3.
The fair values of the Senior Notes (as defined in "Note 7. Long-Term Debt") are based on indicative market pricing obtained from a third-party pricing service which uses observable market inputs, and therefore the fair values of these liabilities are classified as Level 2.
22
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
The following table presents the respective carrying value and fair value for the Senior Notes as at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
 
Carrying ValueFair ValueCarrying ValueFair Value
Senior Notes - MHLA – 6.625%
$110,000 $63,360 $110,000 $76,560 
Senior Notes - MHNC – 7.75%
152,500 101,870 152,500 113,826 
Total Senior Notes$262,500 $165,230 $262,500 $190,386 

6. Shareholders' Equity

a)Common Shares
At March 31, 2023, the aggregate authorized share capital of the Company is 150,000,000 shares from which 149,583,812 common shares were issued, of which 101,763,727 common shares are outstanding, and 47,820,085 shares are treasury shares. Included in treasury shares are 41,439,348 common shares issued to Maiden Reinsurance as part of the exchange for preference shares held ("Exchange") which are not treated as outstanding common shares on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet on March 31, 2023.
The remaining 416,188 shares are undesignated at March 31, 2023. At March 31, 2023, 998,108 common shares will be issued and outstanding upon vesting of restricted shares.
b)Treasury Shares
On February 21, 2017, the Company's Board of Directors approved the repurchase of up to $100,000 of the Company's common shares from time to time at market prices. The Company has a remaining authorization of $74,245 for common share repurchases at March 31, 2023 (December 31, 2022 - $74,245). No repurchases were made during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 under the common share repurchase plan.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 128,156 common shares (2022 - 403,716) at an average price per share of $2.25 (2022 - $2.50) from employees, which represent tax withholding in respect of tax obligations on the vesting of both non-performance-based and discretionary performance-based restricted shares.
The 41,439,348 common shares issued to Maiden Reinsurance as part of the Exchange are reflected as treasury shares on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and are not treated as outstanding common shares at March 31, 2023. Please refer to further details on the Exchange in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 15, 2023.
The table below includes the total number of treasury shares outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
 March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Number of treasury shares held by Maiden Reinsurance due to the Exchange41,439,34841,439,348
Number of treasury shares due to common share repurchases for tax purposes6,380,7376,252,581
Total number of treasury shares at the end of the reporting period47,820,08547,691,929

23
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
6. Shareholders' Equity (continued)
c)Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss ("AOCI")
The following tables set forth financial information regarding the changes in the balances of each component of AOCI:
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023Change in net unrealized gains on investmentForeign currency translationTotal
Beginning balance$(15,668)$(25,566)$(41,234)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications1,906 568 2,474 
Net current period other comprehensive income1,906 568 2,474 
Ending balance, Maiden shareholders$(13,762)$(24,998)$(38,760)
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022Change in net unrealized gains on investmentForeign currency translationTotal
Beginning balance$(2,693)$(9,522)$(12,215)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications(12,921)5,592 (7,329)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI to net income, net of tax(5,238)— (5,238)
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income(18,159)5,592 (12,567)
Ending balance, Maiden shareholders$(20,852)$(3,930)$(24,782)

7. Long-Term Debt
Senior Notes
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, Maiden Holdings had outstanding publicly-traded senior notes which were issued in 2016 ("2016 Senior Notes") and its wholly owned subsidiary, Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd. ("Maiden NA") had outstanding publicly-traded senior notes which were issued in 2013 ("2013 Senior Notes") (collectively "Senior Notes"). The 2013 Senior Notes issued by Maiden NA are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Maiden Holdings. The Senior Notes are unsecured and unsubordinated obligations of the Company.
The following tables detail the issuances of Senior Notes outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
    
March 31, 20232016 Senior Notes2013 Senior NotesTotal
Principal amount
$110,000 $152,500 $262,500 
Less: unamortized issuance costs3,391 4,490 7,881 
Carrying value$106,609 $148,010 $254,619 
December 31, 20222016 Senior Notes2013 Senior NotesTotal
Principal amount
$110,000 $152,500 $262,500 
Less: unamortized issuance costs3,406 3,522 6,928 
Carrying value$106,594 $148,978 $255,572 
Other details:
Original debt issuance costs$3,715 $5,054 
Maturity dateJune 14, 2046December 1, 2043
Earliest redeemable date (for cash)June 14, 2021December 1, 2018
Coupon rate6.625 %7.75 %
Effective interest rate7.07 %8.04 %

24
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
7. Long-Term Debt (continued)
Total interest and amortization expense incurred on the Senior Notes for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $3,824 (2022 - $4,832), of which $1,342 was accrued as interest payable at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The issuance costs related to the Senior Notes were capitalized and are amortized over the effective life of the Senior Notes using the effective interest method of amortization.
Under the terms of the 2013 Senior Notes, the 2013 Senior Notes can be redeemed, in whole or in part, at Maiden NA's option at any time and from time to time, until maturity at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed plus accrued but unpaid interest on the principal amount being redeemed to, but not including, the redemption date. Maiden NA is required to give at least thirty days and not more than sixty days notice prior to the redemption date.
Under the terms of the 2016 Senior Notes, the 2016 Senior Notes can be redeemed, in whole or in part, at Maiden Holdings' option at any time and from time to time, until maturity at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed plus accrued but unpaid interest on the principal amount being redeemed to, but not including, the redemption date. Maiden Holdings is required to give at least thirty days and not more than sixty days notice prior to the redemption date.
Please see "Note 14. Subsequent Events" for details of the recent authorization for Maiden Reinsurance to repurchase a portion of the Company's Senior Notes from time to time at market prices, in open market purchases or as may be privately negotiated.

8. Reinsurance
The Company uses reinsurance and retrocessional agreements ("ceded reinsurance") to mitigate volatility, reduce its exposure to certain risks and provide capital support. Ceded reinsurance provides for the recovery of a portion of loss and LAE under certain circumstances without relieving the Company of its obligations to the policyholders. The Company remains liable to the extent that any of its reinsurers or retrocessionaires fails to meet their obligations. Loss and LAE incurred and premiums earned are reported after deduction for ceded reinsurance. In the event that one or more of our reinsurers or retrocessionaires are unable to meet their obligations under these agreements, the Company would not realize the full value of the reinsurance recoverable balances.
The effect of ceded reinsurance on net premiums written and earned and on net loss and LAE for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,20232022
Premiums written
Direct
$6,859 $4,736 
Assumed
(6,022)(14,906)
Ceded
(77)(153)
Net
$760 $(10,323)
Premiums earned
Direct
$6,862 $4,751 
Assumed
2,217 (3,469)
Ceded
(77)(160)
Net
$9,002 $1,122 
Loss and LAE
Gross loss and LAE
$9,796 $(2,196)
Loss and LAE ceded
19 (87)
Net
$9,815 $(2,283)
The Company's reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses balance as at March 31, 2023 was $552,513 (December 31, 2022 - $556,116) presented in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of March 31, 2023, the total allowance for expected credit losses on the Company's reinsurance recoverable balance was $4,254.

25
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
8. Reinsurance (continued)
The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the allowance for expected credit losses on reinsurance recoverable for the three months ended March 31, 2023:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,2023
Allowance for expected credit losses on reinsurance recoverable, beginning of period$4,277 
Reduction for expected credit losses on reinsurance recoverable where credit losses were previously recognized(23)
Allowance for expected credit losses on reinsurance recoverable, end of period$4,254 
On December 27, 2018, Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited ("Cavello") and Maiden Reinsurance entered into a retrocession agreement pursuant to which certain assets and liabilities associated with the U.S. treaty reinsurance business held by Maiden Reinsurance were 100.0% retroceded to Cavello in exchange for a ceding commission. The reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses due from Cavello under this retrocession agreement was $55,836 at March 31, 2023 (December 31, 2022 - $60,112). The recoverable due includes an allowance for expected credit losses of $3,915 as at March 31, 2023.
On July 31, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance and Cavello entered into a Loss Portfolio Transfer and Adverse Development Cover Agreement ("LPT/ADC Agreement") pursuant to which Cavello assumed the loss reserves as of December 31, 2018 associated with the AmTrust Quota Share in excess of a $2,178,535 retention up to $600,000, in exchange for a retrocession premium of $445,000. The $2,178,535 retention is subject to adjustment for paid losses subsequent to December 31, 2018. The LPT/ADC Agreement provides Maiden Reinsurance with $155,000 in adverse development cover over its carried AmTrust Quota Share loss reserves at December 31, 2018. The LPT/ADC Agreement meets the criteria for risk transfer and is thus accounted for as retroactive reinsurance. Cumulative ceded losses exceeding $445,000 are recognized as a deferred gain liability and amortized into income over the settlement period of the ceded reserves in proportion to cumulative losses collected over the estimated ultimate reinsurance recoverable. The amount of the deferral is recalculated each period based on loss payments and updated estimates. Consequently, cumulative adverse development subsequent to December 31, 2018 may result in significant losses from operations until periods when the deferred gain is recognized as a benefit to earnings.
As of March 31, 2023, the reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses under the LPT/ADC Agreement was $491,651 while the deferred gain liability under the LPT/ADC Agreement was $46,981 (December 31, 2022 - $490,408 and $45,408, respectively). The recoverable due under the LPT/ADC Agreement includes an allowance for expected credit losses of $330 as at March 31, 2023. Amortization of the deferred gain will not occur until paid losses have exceeded the minimum retention under the LPT/ADC Agreement, which is estimated to be in 2025.
Cavello provided collateral in the form of a letter of credit in the amount of $445,000 to AmTrust under the LPT/ADC Agreement. Cavello is subject to additional collateral funding requirements as explained in "Note 10. Related Party Transactions". As of March 31, 2023, the amount of collateral required was $461,563. Under the terms of the LPT/ADC Agreement, the covered losses associated with the Commutation and Release Agreement with AmTrust are eligible to be covered but recoverable only when such losses are paid or settled by AII or its affiliates, provided such losses and other related amounts shall not exceed $312,786. Cavello's parent company, Enstar, has credit ratings of BBB from both Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings at March 31, 2023.
26
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses
The Company uses both historical experience and industry-wide loss development factors to provide a reasonable basis for estimating future losses. In the future, certain events may be beyond the control of management, such as changes in law, judicial interpretations of law, and rates of inflation, which may favorably or unfavorably impact the ultimate settlement of the Company’s loss and LAE reserves.
The anticipated effect of inflation is implicitly considered when estimating liabilities for loss and LAE. While anticipated changes in claim costs due to inflation are considered in estimating the ultimate claim costs, changes in the average severity of claims are caused by a number of factors that vary with the individual type of policy written. Ultimate losses are projected based on historical trends adjusted for implemented changes in underwriting standards, claims handling, policy provisions, and general economic trends. Those anticipated trends are monitored based on actual development and are modified if necessary.
The reserving process begins with the collection and analysis of paid losses and incurred claims data for each of the Company's contracts. While reserves are mostly reviewed on a contract by contract basis, paid loss and incurred claims data is also aggregated into reserving segments. The segmental data is disaggregated by reserving class and further disaggregated by either accident year (i.e. the year in which the loss event occurred) or by underwriting year (i.e. the year in which the contract generating the premium and losses incepted). In cases where the Company uses underwriting year information, reserves are subsequently allocated to the respective accident year. The reserve for loss and LAE consists of:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Reserve for reported loss and LAE
$663,858 $702,691 
Reserve for losses incurred but not reported ("IBNR")
407,765 428,717 
Reserve for loss and LAE
$1,071,623 $1,131,408 
The following table represents a reconciliation of our beginning and ending gross and net loss and LAE reserves:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,20232022
Gross loss and LAE reserves, January 1
$1,131,408 $1,489,373 
Less: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses, January 1
556,116 562,845 
Net loss and LAE reserves, January 1
575,292 926,528 
Net incurred losses related to:
Current year
6,159 5,002 
Prior years
3,656 (7,285)
9,815 (2,283)
Net paid losses related to:
Current year
(75)(49)
Prior years
(73,013)(101,669)
(73,088)(101,718)
Change in deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance(1,573)1,339 
GLS run-off business acquired or assumed767 14,350 
Allowance for expected credit losses on recoverables4,286 — 
Effect of foreign exchange rate movements
3,611 (10,455)
Net loss and LAE reserves, March 31519,110 827,761 
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses, March 31552,513 558,262 
Gross loss and LAE reserves, March 31$1,071,623 $1,386,023 
Prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss reserves established in previous calendar years. The favorable or unfavorable development reflects changes in management's best estimate of the ultimate losses under the relevant reinsurance policies after considerable review of changes in actuarial assessments. The Company recognized net adverse prior year loss development of $3,656 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 (2022 - favorable $7,285).
In the Diversified Reinsurance segment, there was adverse prior year loss development of $757 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 (2022 - favorable $2,211). Prior year loss development for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was due to adverse reserve development in other runoff business and also included the recognition of expected credit losses on reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses. Prior year loss development for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was due to favorable reserve development in German Auto Programs and other runoff business.
27
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (continued)
In the AmTrust Reinsurance segment, net adverse prior year loss development was $2,899 during the three months ended March 31, 2023, (2022 - favorable $5,074). Net adverse prior year loss development for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was driven by unfavorable movement in General Liability, Auto Liability and Specialty Risk & Extended Warranty partly offset by continued favorable development in Workers Compensation. Net favorable prior year loss development for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was primarily due to favorable development from Workers Compensation policies and adjustments to AmTrust's inuring reinsurance for certain programs in Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty.
The increase in the deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance was $1,573 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 (2022 - $1,339 decrease). This change included an increase in the deferred gain liability and related reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses under the LPT/ADC Agreement with Cavello of $1,573 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 (2022 - $1,000 decrease) which is due to adverse development on loss reserves covered under the LPT/ADC Agreement ((2022 - favorable). The deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance under the LPT/ADC Agreement represents the cumulative adverse development for covered risks in the AmTrust Quota Share as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Amortization of the deferred gain will not occur until paid losses have exceeded the minimum retention under the LPT/ADC Agreement, which is estimated to be in 2025.

10. Related Party Transactions
The Founding Shareholders of the Company were Michael Karfunkel, George Karfunkel and Barry Zyskind. Based on each individual's most recent public filing, Leah Karfunkel (wife of the late Michael Karfunkel), George Karfunkel and Barry Zyskind (the Company's non-executive chairman) each own or control less than 5.0% of the Company's outstanding common shares. Leah Karfunkel and George Karfunkel are directors of AmTrust, and Barry Zyskind is the chief executive officer and chairman of AmTrust. Leah Karfunkel, George Karfunkel and Barry Zyskind own or control approximately 55.2% of the ownership interests of Evergreen Parent, L.P., the ultimate parent of AmTrust. The following describes transactions that have transpired between the Company and AmTrust:
AmTrust Quota Share
Effective July 1, 2007, the Company and AmTrust entered into a master agreement, as amended ("Master Agreement"), by which they caused Maiden Reinsurance and AII to enter into the AmTrust Quota Share by which AII retroceded to Maiden Reinsurance an amount equal to 40% of the premium written by subsidiaries of AmTrust, net of the cost of unaffiliated inuring reinsurance and 40% of losses. The Master Agreement further provided that AII receive a ceding commission of 31% of ceded written premiums. On June 11, 2008, Maiden Reinsurance and AII amended the AmTrust Quota Share to add Retail Commercial Package Business to the Covered Business (as defined in the AmTrust Quota Share). AII receives a ceding commission of 34.375% on Retail Commercial Package Business. On July 1, 2016, the agreement was renewed through June 30, 2019. Effective July 1, 2018, the amount AEL ceded to Maiden Reinsurance was reduced to 20%.
Effective July 1, 2013, for the Specialty Program portion of Covered Business only, AII was responsible for ultimate net loss otherwise recoverable from Maiden Reinsurance to the extent that the loss ratio to Maiden Reinsurance, which shall be determined on an inception to date basis from July 1, 2007 through the date of calculation, is between 81.5% and 95% ("Loss Corridor"). Above and below the Loss Corridor, Maiden Reinsurance continued to reinsure losses at its proportional 40% share of the AmTrust Quota Share. Effective July 31, 2019, the Loss Corridor was amended such that the maximum amount covered is $40,500, the amount calculated by Maiden Reinsurance for the Loss Corridor coverage as of March 31, 2019. Any development above this maximum amount will be subject to the coverage of the LPT/ADC Agreement.
Effective January 1, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance and AII entered into a partial termination amendment ("Partial Termination Amendment") which amended the AmTrust Quota Share. The Partial Termination Amendment provided for the cut-off of the ongoing and unearned premium of AmTrust’s Small Commercial Business, comprising workers’ compensation, general liability, umbrella liability, professional liability (including cyber liability) insurance coverages, and U.S. Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty ("Terminated Business") as of December 31, 2018. Under the Partial Termination Amendment, the ceding commission payable by Maiden Reinsurance for its remaining in-force business immediately prior to January 1, 2019 increased by five percentage points with respect to in-force remaining business (excluding Terminated Business) and related unearned premium as of January 1, 2019. The Partial Termination Amendment resulted in Maiden Reinsurance returning $647,980 in unearned premium to AII, or $436,760 net of applicable ceding commission and brokerage during the second quarter of 2019.
Subsequently, on January 30, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance and AII agreed to terminate the remaining business subject to the AmTrust Quota Share on a run-off basis effective as of January 1, 2019.
Effective July 31, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance and AII entered into a Commutation and Release Agreement which provided for AII to assume all reserves ceded by AII to Maiden Reinsurance with respect to its proportional 40% share of the ultimate net loss under the AmTrust Quota Share related to the commuted business including: (a) all losses incurred in Accident Year 2017 and Accident Year 2018 under California workers' compensation policies and as defined in the AmTrust Quota Share ("Commuted California Business"); and (b) all losses incurred in Accident Year 2018 under New York workers' compensation policies ("Commuted New York Business"), and together with the Commuted California Business ("Commuted Business") in exchange for the release and full discharge of Maiden Reinsurance's obligations to AII with respect to the Commuted Business. The Commuted Business excludes any business classified by AII as Specialty Program or Specialty Risk business.

28
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
10. Related Party Transactions (continued)
Maiden Reinsurance paid $312,786 ("Commutation Payment"), which is the sum of the net ceded reserves in the amount of $330,682 with respect to the Commuted Business as of December 31, 2018 less payments in the amount of $17,896 made by Maiden Reinsurance with respect to the Commuted Business from January 1, 2019 through July 31, 2019. The Commutation Payment was settled on August 12, 2019 and Maiden Reinsurance paid AII approximately $6,335 in interest related to the Commutation Payment premium, calculated at the rate of 3.30% per annum from January 1, 2019 through August 12, 2019.
AII and Maiden Reinsurance also agreed that as of July 31, 2019, the AmTrust Quota Share was deemed amended as applicable so that the Commuted Business is no longer included as part of Covered Business under the AmTrust Quota Share.
On January 30, 2019, in connection with the termination of the reinsurance agreement described above, the Company and AmTrust entered into a second amendment to the Master Agreement between the parties, originally entered into on July 3, 2007, to remove the provisions requiring AmTrust to reinsure business with the Company.
European Hospital Liability Quota Share
Effective April 1, 2011, Maiden Reinsurance entered into the European Hospital Liability Quota Share with AEL and AIU DAC. Pursuant to the terms of the European Hospital Liability Quota Share, Maiden Reinsurance assumed 40% of the premiums and losses related to policies classified as European Hospital Liability, including associated liability coverages and policies covering physician defense costs, written or renewed on or after April 1, 2011. The European Hospital Liability Quota Share also covers policies written or renewed on or before March 31, 2011, but only with respect to losses that occur, accrue or arise on or after April 1, 2011. The maximum limit of liability attaching shall be €5,000 (€10,000 effective January 1, 2012) or currency equivalent (on a 100% basis) per original claim for any one original policy. Maiden Reinsurance paid a ceding commission of 5% on contracts assumed under the European Hospital Liability Quota Share. 
Effective July 1, 2016, the European Hospital Liability Quota Share was amended such that Maiden Reinsurance assumes from AEL 32.5% of the premiums and losses of all policies written or renewed on or after July 1, 2016 until June 30, 2017 and 20% of all policies written or renewed on or after July 1, 2017. Thereafter, on January 30, 2019, Maiden Reinsurance, AEL and AIU DAC agreed to terminate the European Hospital Liability Quota Share on a run-off basis effective as of January 1, 2019.
Effective July 1, 2022, Maiden Reinsurance and AIU DAC entered into an agreement ("Commutation Agreement") which provided for AIU DAC to assume all reserves ceded by AIU DAC to Maiden Reinsurance with respect to AIU DAC’s French Medical Malpractice exposures for underwriting years 2012 through 2018 reinsured by Maiden Reinsurance under the European Hospital Liability Quota Share. In accordance with the Commutation Agreement, Maiden Reinsurance paid $31,291 (€29,401) to AIU DAC, which is the sum of net ceded reserves of $27,625 (€25,956) and an agreed exit cost of $3,666 (€3,444). As a result of the Commutation Agreement, Maiden Reinsurance reduced its exposure to AmTrust's Hospital Liability business, but still has exposure to Italian medical malpractice liabilities under the European Hospital Liability Quota Share.
The table below shows the effect of both of these quota share arrangements with AmTrust on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Income Statements for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
20232022
Gross and net premiums written$(6,013)$(14,906)
Net premiums earned1,531 (4,833)
Net loss and LAE(7,182)923 
Commission and other acquisition expenses(579)1,243 
Collateral provided to AmTrust
a) AmTrust Quota Share
To provide AmTrust's U.S. insurance subsidiaries with credit for reinsurance on their statutory financial statements, AII, as the direct reinsurer of AmTrust's insurance subsidiaries, established trust accounts ("Trust Accounts") for their benefit. Maiden Reinsurance has provided appropriate collateral to secure its proportional share under the AmTrust Quota Share of AII's obligations to the AmTrust subsidiaries to whom AII is required to provide collateral which can include any of the following:
(a) assets loaned by Maiden Reinsurance to AII for deposit into the Trust Accounts, pursuant to a loan agreement between those parties;
(b) assets transferred by Maiden Reinsurance for deposit into the Trust Accounts; or
(c) a letter of credit obtained by Maiden Reinsurance and delivered to an AmTrust subsidiary on AII's behalf.
Maiden Reinsurance may provide any or a combination of these forms of collateral, provided that the aggregate value thereof equals Maiden Reinsurance's proportionate share of its obligations under the AmTrust Quota Share. The collateral requirements under the AmTrust Quota Share with AII was satisfied as follows:
•by lending funds of $167,975 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 pursuant to a loan agreement entered into between those parties. Advances under the loan are secured by promissory notes and was assigned by AII to AmTrust
29
MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
10. Related Party Transactions (continued)
effective December 31, 2014 and is carried at cost. Interest is payable at a rate equivalent to the Federal Funds Effective Rate ("Fed Funds") plus 200 basis points per annum. Interest income on the loan was $2,698 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 (2022 - $879) and the effective yield was 6.4% for the respective period (2022 - 2.1%).
•on January 30, 2019, in connection with the termination of the reinsurance agreements described above, the Company and AmTrust amended the Loan Agreement between Maiden Reinsurance, AmTrust and AII, originally entered into on November 16, 2007, by extending the maturity date to January 1, 2025 and specifies that due to the termination of the AmTrust Quota Share, no further loans or advances may be made pursuant to the Loan Agreement;
•effective December 1, 2008, the Company entered into a Reinsurer Trust Assets Collateral agreement to provide to AII sufficient collateral to secure its proportional share of AII's obligations to the U.S. AmTrust subsidiaries. The amount of the collateral at March 31, 2023 was $28,482 (December 31, 2022 - $42,305) and the accrued interest was $143 (December 31, 2022 - $224). Please refer to "Note 4. (e) Investments" for additional information;
•on January 11, 2019, the Company transferred $575,000 to AmTrust as a portion of the existing Trust Accounts used for collateral on the AmTrust Quota Share was converted to a funds withheld arrangement. The funds withheld receivable earns an annual interest rate of 3.5% for 2023, subject to annual adjustment (2.1% for 2022). At March 31, 2023, the funds withheld balance was $351,525 (December 31, 2022 - $416,835) and accrued interest was $3,434 (December 31, 2022 - $2,359). The interest income on the funds withheld receivable was $3,281 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 (2022 - $2,552).
Pursuant to the terms of the LPT/ADC Agreement, Maiden Reinsurance, Cavello and AmTrust and certain of its affiliated companies entered into a Master Collateral Agreement (“MCA”) to define and enable the operation of collateral provided under the AmTrust Quota Share. Under the MCA, Cavello provided letters of credit on behalf of Maiden Reinsurance to AmTrust in an amount representing Cavello’s obligations under the LPT/ADC Agreement. Because these letters of credit replaced other collateral previously provided directly by Maiden Reinsurance to AmTrust, the MCA coordinates the collateral protection that will be provided to AmTrust to ensure that no gaps in collateral funding occur by operation of the LPT/ADC Agreement and related MCA. As a result of entering into both the LPT/ADC Agreement and the MCA, certain post-termination endorsements (“PTEs”) to the AmTrust Quota Share between AII and Maiden Reinsurance were required.
Effective July 31, 2019, the PTEs: i) enable the operation of both the LPT/ADC Agreement and MCA by making provision for certain forms of collateral, including letters of credit provided by Cavello on Maiden Reinsurance’s behalf, and further defines the permitted use and return of collateral; and ii) increase the required funding percentage for Maiden Reinsurance under the collateral arrangements between the parties to 105% of its obligations, subject to a minimum excess funding requirement of $54,000, as may be mutually amended by the parties from time to time. Under certain defined conditions, Maiden Reinsurance may be required to increase this funding percentage to 110%.
Effective March 16, 2020, Maiden Reinsurance discontinued as a Bermuda company and completed its re-domestication to the State of Vermont. Bermuda is a Solvency II equivalent jurisdiction and the State of Vermont is not such a jurisdiction; therefore, the collateral provided under the respective agreements with AmTrust subsidiaries was strengthened to reflect the impact of the re-domestication concurrent with the date of Maiden Reinsurance’s re-domestication to Vermont. Maiden Reinsurance and AmTrust agreed to: 1) amend the AmTrust Quota Share pursuant to Post Termination Endorsement No. 2 effective March 16, 2020; and 2) amend the European Hospital Liability Quota Share pursuant to Post Termination Endorsement No. 1 effective March 16, 2020.
Pursuant to the terms of Post Termination Endorsement No. 2 to the AmTrust Quota Share, Maiden Reinsurance strengthened the collateral protection provided by Maiden Reinsurance to AII by increasing the required funding percentage for Maiden Reinsurance under the collateral arrangements between the parties to 110% of its obligations, subject to a minimum excess funding requirement of $54,000, as may be mutually amended by the parties from time to time. Post Termination Endorsement No. 2 also sets forth conditions by which the funding percentage will be reduced and the sequence of how collateral will be utilized as obligations, as defined under the AmTrust Quota Share, are satisfied. Pursuant to the terms of Post Termination Endorsement No. 2, the funding percentage was reduced to 107.5% during the first quarter of 2023.
Pursuant to the terms of Post Termination Endorsement No. 1 to the European Hospital Liability Quota Share, Maiden Reinsurance strengthened the collateral protection provided by Maiden Reinsurance to AEL and AIU DAC by increasing the required funding percentage for Maiden Reinsurance under the collateral arrangements between the parties to the greater of 120% of the Exposure (as defined therein) and the amount of security required to offset the increase in the Solvency Capital Requirement (“SCR”) that results from the changes in the SCR which arise out of Maiden Reinsurance's re-domestication as compared to the SCR calculation if Maiden Reinsurance had remained domesticated in a Solvency II equivalent jurisdiction with a solvency ratio above 100% and provided collateral equivalent to 100% of the Exposure.
b) European Hospital Liability Quota Share
Collateral has been provided to both AEL and AIU DAC under the European Hospital Liability Quota Share. For AEL, the amount of the collateral held in reinsurance trust accounts at March 31, 2023 was $192,620 (December 31, 2022 - $188,473) and the accrued interest was $1,138 (December 31, 2022 - $966).

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MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
10. Related Party Transactions (continued)
Asset Management Agreement
Effective July 1, 2007, the Company entered into an asset management agreement with AII Insurance Management Limited ("AIIM"), a wholly owned subsidiary of AmTrust, pursuant to which AIIM agreed to provide investment management services to the Company. Effective January 1, 2018, AIIM provides investment management services for a quarterly fee of 0.02125% of the average value of the account. The agreement may be terminated upon 30 days written notice by either party. The Company recorded $73 of investment management fees for the three months ended March 31, 2023 (2022 - $126) under this agreement.
On September 9, 2020, Maiden Reinsurance, AmTrust and AIIM entered into a novation agreement, effective July 1, 2020, which provided for the novation of the asset management agreement, dated January 1, 2018 between Maiden Reinsurance and AIIM, and the release by Maiden Reinsurance of AIIM's obligations under the asset management agreement. The novation mandates that AmTrust is to be bound by the terms of the asset management agreement in place of AIIM and AmTrust agrees to perform any and all past, present and future obligations of AIIM under the asset management agreement.
On November 13, 2020, Maiden LF, Maiden GF, AmTrust and AIIM entered into a novation agreement, effective July 1, 2020, which provided for the novation of the asset management agreement, dated January 1, 2018 between Maiden LF, Maiden GF and AIIM, and the release by Maiden LF and Maiden GF of AIIM's obligations under the asset management agreement. The novation mandates that AmTrust is to be bound by the terms of the asset management agreement in place of AIIM and AmTrust agrees to perform any and all past, present and future obligations of AIIM under the asset management agreement.
11. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees
There are no material changes from the commitments, contingencies and concentrations previously disclosed in the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
a)Concentrations of Credit Risk
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company’s assets where significant concentrations of credit risk may exist include investments, cash and cash equivalents, loan to related party, reinsurance balances receivable, reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses and funds withheld receivable. Please refer to "Note 8. Reinsurance" for additional information regarding the Company's credit risk exposure on its reinsurance counterparties including the impact of the LPT/ADC Agreement effective January 1, 2019. The Company requires its reinsurers to have adequate financial strength.
The Company evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers and monitors its concentration of credit risk on an ongoing basis. Provisions are made for amounts that are considered potentially uncollectible. Letters of credit are provided by its reinsurers for material amounts recoverable as discussed in "Note 8. Reinsurance".
The Company manages the concentration of credit risk in its investment portfolio through issuer and sector exposure limitations. The Company believes it bears minimal credit risk in its cash on deposit. The Company also monitors the credit risk related to the loan to related party, reinsurance balances receivable and funds withheld receivable, within which the largest balances are due from AmTrust. AmTrust has a financial strength/credit rating of A- (Excellent) from A.M. Best at March 31, 2023. To mitigate credit risk, the Company generally has a contractual right of offset thereby allowing claims to be settled net of any premiums or loan receivable. The Company believes these balances as at March 31, 2023 will be fully collectible.
b)Investment Commitments and Related Financial Guarantees
The Company had total unfunded commitments on alternative investments of $109,188 at March 31, 2023 (December 31, 2022 - $112,989) which included commitments for other investments, private equity securities and equity method investments. The table below shows the total unfunded commitments by type of investment as at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
 March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Fair Value% of TotalFair Value% of Total
Private equity funds$53,160 48.7 %$54,996 48.7 %
Private credit funds12,281 11.3 %13,906 12.3 %
Privately held equity investments705 0.6 %705 0.6 %
Total unfunded commitments on other investments$66,146 60.6 %$69,607 61.6 %
 
Total unfunded commitments on equity securities$16,509 15.1 %$16,509 14.6 %
 
Total unfunded commitments on equity method investments$26,533 24.3 %$26,873 23.8 %
Total unfunded commitments on alternative investments$109,188 100.0 %$112,989 100.0 %

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MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
11. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees (continued)
Certain of the Company's investments in limited partnerships are related to real estate joint ventures with interests in multi-property projects with varying strategies ranging from the development of properties to the ownership of income-producing properties. In certain of these joint ventures, the Company has provided certain indemnities, guarantees and commitments to certain parties such that it may be required to make payments now or in the future.
Any loss for which the Company could be liable would be contingent on the default of a loan by the real estate joint venture entity for which the Company provided a financial guarantee to a lender. While the Company has committed to aggregate limits as to the amount of guarantees it will provide as part of its limited partnerships, guarantees are only provided on an individual transaction basis and are subject to the terms and conditions of each transaction mutually agreed by the parties involved. The Company is not bound to such guarantees without its express authorization.
As discussed above, at March 31, 2023, guarantees of $42,256 (December 31, 2022 - $42,141) were provided to lenders by the Company on behalf of real estate joint ventures, however, the likelihood of the Company incurring any losses pertaining to project level financing guarantees was determined to be remote. Therefore, no liability has been accrued under ASC 450-20.
c)Operating Lease Commitments
The Company leases office spaces and office equipment under various operating leases expiring in various years through 2025. The Company's leases are currently classified as operating leases and none of them have non-lease components. For operating leases that have a lease term of more than twelve months, and whose lease payments are above a certain threshold, the Company recognizes a lease liability and a right-of-use asset in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at the present value of the remaining lease payments until expiration.
As the lease contracts generally do not provide an implicit discount rate, the Company used the weighted-average discount rate of 10%, representing its secured incremental borrowing rate, in calculating the present value of the lease liability.
At March 31, 2023, the Company's future lease obligations of $382 (December 31, 2022 - $300) were calculated based on the present value of future annual rental commitments excluding taxes, insurance and other operating costs for non-cancellable operating leases discounted using its secured incremental borrowing rate. This amount has been recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as a lease liability within accrued expenses and other liabilities with an equivalent amount for the right-of-use asset presented as part of other assets.
The Company has made an accounting policy election not to include renewal, termination, or purchase options that are not reasonably certain of exercise when determining the term of the borrowing. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.The Company's weighted-average remaining lease term is approximately 1.9 years at March 31, 2023. 
Under Topic 842, Leases, the Company continues to recognize the related leasing expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company's total lease expense for three months ended March 31, 2023 was $60 (2022 - $48) recognized within net income consistent with the prior accounting treatment under Topic 840.
d)Legal Proceedings
Except as noted below, the Company is not a party to any material legal proceedings. From time to time, the Company is subject to routine legal proceedings, including arbitration, arising in the ordinary course of business. These legal proceedings generally relate to claims asserted by or against the Company in the ordinary course of insurance or reinsurance operations. Based on the Company's opinion, the eventual outcome of these legal proceedings is not expected to have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.
In April 2009, the Company learned that Bentzion S. Turin, the former Chief Operating Officer, General Counsel and Secretary of Maiden Holdings and Maiden Reinsurance, sent a letter to the U.S. Department of Labor claiming that his employment with the Company was terminated in retaliation for corporate whistle-blowing in violation of the whistle-blower protection provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Mr. Turin alleged that he was terminated for raising concerns regarding corporate governance with respect to the negotiation of the terms of the Trust Preferred Securities Offering. He seeks reinstatement as Chief Operating Officer, General Counsel and Secretary of Maiden Holdings and Maiden Reinsurance, back pay and legal fees incurred. On December 31, 2009, the U.S. Secretary of Labor found no reasonable cause for Mr. Turin’s claim and dismissed the complaint in its entirety. Mr. Turin objected to the Secretary's findings and requested a hearing before an administrative law judge in the U.S. Department of Labor. The Company moved to dismiss Mr. Turin's complaint, and its motion was granted by the Administrative Law Judge on June 30, 2011. On July 13, 2011, Mr. Turin filed a petition for review of the Administrative Law Judge's decision with the Administrative Review Board in the U.S. Department of Labor. On March 29, 2013, the Administrative Review Board reversed the dismissal of the complaint on procedural grounds, and remanded the case to the administrative law judge. The administrative hearing began in September 2014 and concluded in November 2018. On September 2, 2021, Administrative Law Judge Theresa C. Timlin of the U.S. Department of Labor issued a decision and order which denied Mr. Turin’s complaint in full. On September 16, 2021, Mr. Turin filed a petition for review of the Administrative Law Judge's decision with the Administrative Review Board in the U.S. Department of Labor. The Company believes that it had good and sufficient reasons for terminating Mr. Turin's employment and that the claim is without merit. The Company will continue to vigorously defend itself against this claim.


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MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
11. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees (continued)
A putative class action complaint was filed against Maiden Holdings, Arturo M. Raschbaum, Karen L. Schmitt, and John M. Marshaleck in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey on February 11, 2019. On February 19, 2020, the Court appointed lead plaintiffs, and on May 1, 2020, lead plaintiffs filed an amended class action complaint (the “Amended Complaint”).The Amended Complaint asserts violations of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 (and Section 20(a) for control person liability) arising in large part from allegations that Maiden failed to take adequate loss reserves in connection with reinsurance provided to AmTrust. Plaintiffs further claim that certain of Maiden Holdings’ representations concerning its business, underwriting and financial statements were rendered false by the allegedly inadequate loss reserves, that these misrepresentations inflated the price of Maiden Holdings' common stock, and that when the truth about the misrepresentations was revealed, the Company’s stock price fell, causing Plaintiffs to incur losses. On September 11, 2020, a motion to dismiss was filed on behalf of all Defendants. On August 6, 2021, the Court issued an order denying, in part, Defendants’ motion to dismiss, ordering Plaintiffs to file a shorter amended complaint no later than August 20, 2021, and permitting discovery to proceed on a limited basis. On February 7, 2023, the District Court denied Plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration of the District Court’s decision denying Plaintiffs’ objection to the Magistrate Judge’s December 2021 ruling on discovery. The Company expects to file a dispositive motion in the near future. We believe the claims are without merit and we intend to vigorously defend ourselves. It is possible that additional lawsuits will be filed against the Company, its subsidiaries and its respective officers due to the diminution in value of our securities as a result of our operating results and financial condition. It is currently uncertain as to the effect of such litigation on our business, operating results and financial condition.

12. Earnings per Common Share
The following is a summary of the elements used in calculating basic and diluted earnings per common share:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
20232022
Numerator:
Net loss$(11,328)$(1,949)
Gain from repurchase of preference shares - Series A, C and D— 3,543 
Amount allocated to participating common shareholders(1)
— (10)
Net (loss) income allocated to Maiden common shareholders$(11,328)$1,584 
Denominator:
Weighted average number of common shares – basic101,552,364 86,547,173 
Potentially dilutive securities:
Share options and restricted share units(2)
— 3,642 
Adjusted weighted average number of common shares – diluted(2)
101,552,364 86,550,815 
Basic and diluted (loss) earnings per share attributable to common shareholders$(0.11)$0.02 
(1)This represents the share in net income using the two-class method for holders of non-vested restricted shares issued to the Company's employees under the 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan.
(2)Please refer to "Note 6. Shareholders' Equity" and "Note 14. Share Compensation and Pension Plans" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for the terms and conditions of securities that could potentially be dilutive in the future. There were no potentially dilutive securities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 (2022 - 3,642).

13. Income Taxes
The Company recognized an income tax benefit of $28 for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to an income tax expense of $1,255 for the same respective period in 2022. The effective tax rate on the Company's net loss differs from the statutory rate of zero percent under Bermuda law due to tax on foreign operations, primarily the U.S. and Sweden.
A valuation allowance has been established against the net U.S. deferred tax assets which are primarily attributable to net operating losses and discounting of loss reserves for tax purposes. At this time, the Company believes it is necessary to establish a valuation allowance against the U.S. net deferred tax assets as more evidence is needed regarding the utilization of these tax benefits in the future.

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MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
14. Subsequent Events
On May 3, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors approved the repurchase, including the repurchase by Maiden Reinsurance in accordance with its investment guidelines, of up to $100,000 of the Company's Senior Notes from time to time at market prices in open market purchases or as may be privately negotiated.
On May 3, 2023 at its Annual General Meeting of Shareholders, the Company's common shareholders approved the increase in the authorized share capital of the Company from $1,500 divided into 150,000,000 shares of par value $0.01 each, to $2,000 divided into 200,000,000 of par value $0.01 each.
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this "Form 10-Q" or this "Report"). References in this Form 10-Q to the terms "we", "us", "our", "the Company", "Maiden" or other similar terms mean the consolidated operations of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and its subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise. References in this Form 10-Q to the term "Maiden Holdings" means Maiden Holdings, Ltd. only. Certain reclassifications have been made for 2022 to conform to the 2023 presentation and have no impact on consolidated net income and total equity previously reported.
Note on Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q includes projections concerning financial information and statements concerning future economic performance and events, plans and objectives relating to management, operations, products and services, and assumptions underlying these projections and statements. These projections and statements are forward-looking statements within the meaning of The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and are not historical facts but instead represent only our belief regarding future events, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and outside our control. These projections and statements may address, among other things, our strategy for growth, product development, financial results and reserves. Our actual results and financial condition may differ, possibly materially, from these projections and statements and therefore you should not place undue reliance on them. 
Factors that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ, possibly materially, from those in the specific projections and statements are discussed throughout this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and in "Risk Factors" in Item 1A of Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 that was filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") on March 15, 2023, however, these factors should not be construed as exhaustive. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as required by law.
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Overview
Maiden Holdings is a Bermuda-based holding company. We create shareholder value by actively managing and allocating our assets and capital, including through ownership and management of businesses and assets mostly in the insurance and related financial services industries where we can leverage our deep knowledge of those markets. We also provide a full range of legacy services to small insurance companies, particularly those in run-off or with blocks of reserves that are no longer core, working with clients to develop and implement finality solutions including acquiring entire companies that enable our clients to meet their capital and risk management objectives. We expect our legacy solutions business to contribute to our active asset and capital management strategies.
We are not currently underwriting reinsurance business on new prospective risks but are actively underwriting risks on a retroactive basis through Genesis Legacy Solutions ("GLS"). We also have various historic reinsurance programs underwritten by Maiden Reinsurance which are in run-off, including the liabilities associated with AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. ("AmTrust") which we terminated in 2019 as discussed in "Note 10. Related Party Agreements" of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I Item 1. "Financial Information". In addition, we have a Loss Portfolio Transfer and Adverse Development Cover Agreement ("LPT/ADC Agreement") with Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited ("Cavello") and a commutation agreement that further reduces our exposure to and limits the potential volatility related to our AmTrust liabilities in run-off, as discussed in "Note 8. Reinsurance" of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I Item 1. "Financial Information".
Short-term income protection business is written on a primary basis by our wholly owned subsidiaries Maiden Life Försäkrings AB ("Maiden LF") and Maiden General Försäkrings AB ("Maiden GF") in the Scandinavian and Northern European markets. Insurance support services are provided to Maiden LF and Maiden GF through our wholly owned subsidiary, Maiden Global Holdings, Ltd. ("Maiden Global") which is also a licensed intermediary in the United Kingdom. Maiden Global had previously operated internationally by providing branded auto and credit life insurance products through insurer partners, particularly those in Europe and other global markets. These products also produced reinsurance programs which were underwritten by our wholly owned subsidiary Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. ("Maiden Reinsurance").
Our business currently consists of two reportable segments: Diversified Reinsurance and AmTrust Reinsurance. Our Diversified Reinsurance segment consists of a portfolio of predominantly property and casualty reinsurance business focusing on regional and specialty property and casualty insurance companies located primarily in Europe. This segment also includes transactions entered into by GLS which was formed in November 2020. Our AmTrust Reinsurance segment includes all business ceded to Maiden Reinsurance by AmTrust, primarily the quota share reinsurance agreement (“AmTrust Quota Share”) between Maiden Reinsurance and AmTrust’s wholly owned subsidiary, AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. (“AII”) and the European hospital liability quota share reinsurance contract ("European Hospital Liability Quota Share") with AmTrust’s wholly owned subsidiaries, AmTrust Europe Limited ("AEL") and AmTrust International Underwriters DAC ("AIU DAC"), both of which are in run-off effective as of January 1, 2019.
Please refer to "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" section included under Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 that was filed on March 15, 2023 for further information on recent developments within the Company.
Business Strategy
We continued to deploy our revised operating strategy during 2023 which leverages the significant assets and capital we retain. In addition to restoring operating profitability, our strategic focus centers on creating the greatest risk-adjusted shareholder returns in order to increase book value for our common shareholders, both near and long-term. This strategy has three principal areas of focus:
•Asset management - investing in assets and asset classes in a prudent but expansive manner in order to maximize investment returns and is principally enabled by limiting the amount of insurance risk we assume in relation to the assets we hold and maintaining required regulatory capital at very strong levels to manage our aggregate risk profile;
•Legacy underwriting - judiciously building a portfolio of legacy run-off acquisitions and retroactive reinsurance transactions which we believe will produce attractive underwriting returns; and
•Capital management - effectively managing the capital we hold on our balance sheet and when appropriate, repurchasing securities or returning capital to enhance common shareholder returns.
The returns expected to be produced by each pillar of our strategy are evaluated in relation to our cost of debt capital, which carries a weighted average effective interest rate of 7.6%. To the extent our experience or belief indicates we cannot exceed the cost of debt capital, we expect to refrain from activities in those areas.
As an example, our present assessment of the reinsurance marketplace along with our current operating profile continues to be that the risk-adjusted returns that may be produced via active reinsurance underwriting of new prospective risks are likely to be lower over the long-term than our cost of capital. However, as interest rates have increased and moved towards historically observed levels, risk-adjusted returns for active reinsurance underwriting of new prospective risks may become more attractive and while we have no immediate plans to resume such underwriting, we continue to evaluate if such a strategy would produce suitable value for shareholders.
The measures implemented in recent years have allowed us to more flexibly allocate capital to those activities most likely to produce the greatest returns for shareholders, and we are actively engaged in evaluating and deploying funds in all pillars of the strategies as discussed herein. We also believe that these areas of strategic focus will enhance our profitability through increased returns, which should also increase the likelihood of fully utilizing the significant net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards as described further below which would create additional common shareholder value.
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Our ability to execute our asset and capital management initiatives is dependent on maintaining adequate levels of unrestricted liquidity and cash flows. Further, there can be no assurance that our insurance liabilities will run-off at levels that will permit further capital management activities, which we continually review as part of our strategy. As our insurance liabilities run-off and our other strategies potentially develop along timelines longer than initially anticipated, we may allocate capital to other insurance activities that produce more consistent levels of revenue and profit as we seek to create longer-term shareholder value. Please refer to the "Liquidity and Capital Resources" section for further information on our asset and capital management activities.
Asset Management
As part of our expanded asset management activities, we have evaluated and continue to consider investing in various initiatives in the insurance industry across a variety of segments which we believe will produce appropriate risk-adjusted returns while maintaining the option to consider underwriting activities in the future. We believe these expanded activities will produce a broad range of positive impacts on our financial condition, including current income, longer-term gains and in certain instances, fee income.
In recent years, we have invested approximately $263.5 million into alternative investments which include equity securities, other investments and equity method investments in a wide variety of asset classes and we believe these activities will exceed that benchmark cost of capital with adjustments as necessary if those returns do not emerge.
Recent development and trends in financial markets, particularly the rapid rise in interest rates and heightened risk of economic recession, indicate that it may take longer than expected to achieve those returns and we expect that to factor into future capital allocation decisions. In particular, as interest rates have risen to more historically observed levels, we have focused on investing in assets that produce higher levels of current income as opposed to longer-term gains, in order to increase returns to shareholders and increase the opportunity to recognize our deferred tax assets discussed below.
Legacy Underwriting
In November 2020, we formed GLS which specializes in providing a full range of legacy services to small insurance entities, particularly those in run-off or with blocks of reserves that are no longer core, working with clients to develop and implement finality solutions including acquiring entire companies that enable our clients to meet their capital and risk management objectives. We acquire legacy liabilities and (re)insurance reserves from companies and provide retroactive reinsurance coverage for portfolios of (re)insurance business, primarily via loss portfolio transfer contracts (“LPT”). Additionally, we provide reinsurance contracts to other (re)insurers to mitigate some of their risk of future adverse development (an adverse development cover, or “ADC”) on insurance risks relating to prior accident years.
We believe the formation of GLS is highly complementary to our overall longer-term strategy and will produce risk-adjusted returns in excess of our debt cost of capital. In addition, while we anticipate profitable growth from the GLS portfolio as it develops, we expect our required capital to continue to decline as insurance risk incurred by GLS will be more than offset by the run-off of insurance liabilities from our prior reinsurance strategies. GLS, along with other recent insurance industry investments, enables us to leverage our knowledge base while not re-entering active underwriting of new prospective risks and maintaining an efficient operating profile. We believe GLS not only enhances our profitability through both fee income and effective claims management services, but it will also increase our asset base through the addition of blocks of reserves or companies that can be successfully wound down.
Effective October 1, 2021, GLS completed its first loss portfolio transfer transaction which included an ADC cover. GLS continues to write additional retroactive reinsurance transactions consistent with its business plan. In addition to producing long-term returns that may exceed the target cost of capital, we expect the business produced through GLS should further enhance our ability to pursue the asset and capital management pillars of our business strategy. The nature of GLS business plan is that it may take a sustained period of growth in insurance liabilities to produce the targeted returns. In addition, early stage initiatives such as GLS may take a period of time to reach profitability. Finally, the nature of legacy transactions which GLS seeks to execute may be inconsistent as to their timing and not predictable as regards how many transactions may be completed in any fiscal period. As of March 31, 2023, GLS and its subsidiaries hold insurance related liabilities of $31.7 million including total reserves of $25.0 million, an underwriting-related derivative liability of $4.0 million, net deferred gains on retroactive reinsurance of $2.3 million and reinsurance losses payable of $0.4 million.
Capital Management
Our capital management strategy is significantly informed by the required capital needed to operate our business in a prudent manner and our ongoing analysis of our loss development trends. Trends in recent years have increased our confidence in our recorded ultimate losses for our insurance liabilities in run-off, however a prudent assessment dictates that the run-off portfolio still requires additional maturity to fully emerge, as evidenced by the adverse loss development we experienced in 2022. While there is no assurance that these recent positive long-term loss development trends will persist, as our confidence has increased, it has enabled us to pursue continued capital management initiatives, primarily the repurchase of our preference shares and the subsequent exchange of those shares for common shares ("Exchange"), which we believe provided the greatest risk-adjusted returns to our common shareholders. Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 6 — Shareholders' Equity" under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for further information on the Exchange.
Completion of the Exchange represented a significant milestone in our capital management plan and we continue to evaluate other capital management options that may be available to us, and our Board has recently authorized the repurchase of up to $100.0 million of our senior notes. Please refer to "Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) Note 14. Subsequent Events" included under Item 1. "Financial Statements" of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further information. However, there can be no assurance that we will pursue such initiatives, or that they will provide appropriate risk-adjusted returns.
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Maiden NA
We believe Maiden NA’s investments, including its ownership of Maiden Reinsurance and its active asset management strategy, will create opportunities to utilize NOL carryforwards of $296.8 million at March 31, 2023. The NOL carryforwards combined with additional net deferred tax assets ("DTA") primarily related to our insurance liabilities result in net U.S. DTA (before valuation allowance) of $120.3 million or $1.18 per common share at March 31, 2023.
Net U.S. DTA of $120.3 million is not presently recognized on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets as a full valuation allowance is carried against it. At this time, while positive evidence in support of reducing the valuation allowance is growing, the Company believes it is necessary to maintain a full valuation allowance against the net U.S. DTA as more evidence is needed regarding the utilization of these losses. As circumstances further develop, we will continuously evaluate the amount of the valuation allowance held against the net U.S. DTA.
For further details please see "Note 13 — Income Taxes" included under Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of the Annual Report on Form 10–K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Taken together, we believe these measures should generate additional income for Maiden NA in a tax-efficient manner, while sharing in the improvement in profitability anticipated in Maiden Reinsurance as a result of the measures enacted as described above.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 Financial Highlights
For the Three Months Ended March 31,20232022Change
Summary Consolidated Statement of Income Data (unaudited):($ in thousands except per share data)
Net loss$(11,328)$(1,949)$(9,379)
Gain from repurchase of preference shares— 3,543 (3,543)
Net (loss) income attributable to Maiden common shareholders(11,328)1,594 (12,922)
Basic and diluted earnings per common share:
Net (loss) income attributable to common shareholders(2)
(0.11)0.02 (0.13)
Gain from repurchase of preference securities per common share— 0.04 (0.04)
Gross premiums written836 (10,170)11,006 
Net premiums earned9,002 1,122 7,880 
Underwriting loss(3)
(8,253)(1,655)(6,598)
Net investment results(13)
10,499 10,147 352 
Non-GAAP measures:
Non-GAAP operating loss(1)
(7,893)(6,935)(958)
Non-GAAP basic and diluted operating loss per common share(1)
(0.08)(0.08)— 
Annualized non-GAAP operating return on average common shareholders' equity(1)
(9.9)%(10.5)%0.6 

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March 31, 2023December 31, 2022Change
Consolidated Financial Condition($ in thousands except per share data)
Total investments and cash and cash equivalents(4)
$618,209 $633,684 $(15,475)
Total assets1,756,081 1,846,866 (90,785)
Reserve for loss and LAE1,071,623 1,131,408 (59,785)
Senior notes - principal amount262,500 262,500 — 
Shareholders' equity270,794 284,579 (13,785)
Total capital resources(5)
533,294 547,079 (13,785)
Ratio of debt to total capital resources(10)
49.2 %48.0 %1.2 
Book Value calculations:
Book value per common share(6)
$2.66 $2.80 $(0.14)
Accumulated dividends per common share(12)
4.27 4.27 — 
Book value per common share plus accumulated dividends$6.93 $7.07 $(0.14)
Change in book value per common share plus accumulated dividends(2.0)%
Diluted book value per common share(7)
$2.64 $2.79 $(0.15)
Non-GAAP measures:
Adjusted book value per common share(8)
$3.12 $3.25 $(0.13)
Adjusted shareholders' equity(9)
317,775 329,987 (12,212)
Adjusted total capital resources(9)
580,275 592,487 (12,212)
Ratio of debt to adjusted total capital resources(11)
45.2 %44.3 %0.9 
(1)Non-GAAP operating earnings (loss), non-GAAP operating earnings (loss) per common share, and annualized non-GAAP operating return on average common shareholders' equity are non-GAAP financial measures. See "Key Financial Measures" for additional information.
(2)Please refer to "Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) Note 12. Earnings per Common Share" for the calculation of basic and diluted income (loss) per common share.
(3)Underwriting income or loss is a non-GAAP measure and is calculated as net premiums earned plus other insurance revenue less net loss and LAE, commission and other acquisition expenses and general and administrative expenses directly related to underwriting activities. See "Key Financial Measures" for additional information.
(4)Total investments and cash and cash equivalents includes both restricted and unrestricted.
(5)Total capital resources is the sum of the Company's principal amount of debt and shareholders' equity. See "Key Financial Measures" for additional information.
(6)Book value per common share is calculated using shareholders’ equity divided by the number of common shares outstanding. See "Key Financial Measures" for additional information.
(7)Diluted book value per common share is calculated by dividing shareholders' equity, adjusted for assumed proceeds from the exercise of dilutive options, by the number of outstanding common shares plus dilutive options and restricted shares (assuming exercise of all dilutive share based awards). See "Key Financial Measures" for additional information.
(8)Adjusted book value per common share is a non-GAAP measure that is calculated using shareholders' equity, adjusted by adding to shareholders' equity the unamortized deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance arising from the LPT/ADC Agreement, divided by the number of common shares outstanding. See "Key Financial Measures" for additional information.
(9)Adjusted shareholders' equity and adjusted total capital resources are calculated by adding to shareholders' equity the unamortized deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance arising from the LPT/ADC Agreement with Cavello relating to losses from the AmTrust Quota Share agreement. Under U.S. GAAP, the deferred gain shall be amortized over the estimated remaining settlement period. See "Key Financial Measures" for additional information.
(10)Ratio of debt to total capital resources is calculated using the total principal amount of debt divided by the sum of total capital resources.
(11)Ratio of debt to adjusted total capital resources is calculated using the total principal amount of debt divided by the sum of adjusted total capital resources.
(12)Accumulated dividends per common share includes the cumulative sum of dividends declared and paid in the past on the Company's issued common shares since inception.
(13)Net investment results include the sum of net investment income, net realized and unrealized gains (losses), and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments.


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Key Financial Measures
In addition to our key financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income, management uses certain non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate the Company's financial performance and the overall growth in value generated for the Company’s common shareholders. Management believes that these measures, which may be defined differently by other companies, explain the Company’s results to investors in a manner that allows for a more complete understanding of the underlying trends in the Company’s business. The non-GAAP measures should not be viewed as a substitute for those determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The calculation of these key financial measures including the reconciliation of non-GAAP measures to the nearest GAAP measure and relevant discussions are found within Item 2 - "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations". These non-GAAP financial measures are:
Non-GAAP operating earnings (loss) and non-GAAP diluted operating earnings (loss) per common share: Management believes that the use of non-GAAP operating earnings and non-GAAP diluted operating earnings per common share enables investors and other users of the Company’s financial information to analyze its performance in a manner similar to how management analyzes performance. Management also believes that these measures generally follow industry practice therefore allowing the users of financial information to compare the Company’s performance with its industry peer group, and that the equity analysts and certain rating agencies which follow the Company, and the insurance industry as a whole, generally exclude these items from their analyses for the same reasons. Non-GAAP operating earnings should not be viewed as a substitute for U.S. GAAP net income.
Non-GAAP operating earnings (loss) is an internal performance measure used by management as these measures focus on the underlying fundamentals of the Company's operations by excluding, on a recurring basis: (1) net realized investment gains (losses); (2) foreign exchange and other gains (losses); (3) the portion of favorable or unfavorable prior year reserve development for which we have ceded the risk under the LPT/ADC Agreement and related changes in amortization of the deferred gain liability; and (4) interest in income (loss) of equity method investments. We excluded net realized investment gains (losses), interest in income (loss) of equity method investments and foreign exchange and other gains (losses) as we believe these are influenced by market opportunities and other factors. We do not believe that ceded risks under the LPT/ADC Agreement are representative of our ongoing and future business which are different to retroactive reinsurance risks written by GLS that are representative of our ongoing and future business. We believe all of these amounts are substantially independent of our business and any potential future underwriting process, therefore including them would distort the analysis of underlying trends in our operations.
Underwriting income (loss) is a non-GAAP measure and is calculated as net premiums earned plus other insurance revenue less net loss and LAE, commission and other acquisition expenses and general and administrative expenses directly related to underwriting activities. For purposes of these non-GAAP operating measures, the fee-generating business which is included in our Diversified Reinsurance segment, is considered part of the underwriting operations of the Company. Management believes that this measure is important in evaluating the underwriting performance of the Company and its segments. This measure is also a useful tool to measure the profitability of the Company separately from the investment results and is also a widely used performance indicator in the insurance industry. A reconciliation of the Company's underwriting results can be found in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in the "Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) Note 3. Segment Information" included under Item 1. "Financial Statements" of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
The Company no longer presents certain non-GAAP measures such as combined ratio and its related components in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as it believes that as the run-off of our reinsurance portfolios progresses, such ratios are increasingly not meaningful and of less value to readers as they evaluate the financial results of the Company, particularly compared to historical data.
While an important metric of success, underwriting income (loss) does not reflect all components of profitability, as it does not recognize the impact of investment income earned on premiums between the time premiums are received and the time loss payments are ultimately paid to clients. Because we do not manage our cash and investments by segment, investment income and interest expense are not allocated to the reportable segments. Certain general and administrative expenses are generally allocated to segments based on actual costs incurred.
Non-GAAP Operating Return on Average Adjusted Shareholders' Equity ("Non-GAAP Operating ROACE"): Management uses non-GAAP operating return on average adjusted shareholders' equity as a measure of profitability that focuses on the return to common shareholders. It is calculated using non-GAAP operating earnings (loss) available to common shareholders (as defined above) divided by average adjusted shareholders' equity.
Book Value per Common Share and Diluted Book Value per Common Share: Book value per common share and diluted book value per common share are non-GAAP measures. Management uses growth in both of these metrics as a prime measure of the value we are generating for our common shareholders, because management believes that growth in each metric ultimately results in growth in the Company’s common share price. These metrics are impacted by the Company’s net income and external factors, such as interest rates, which can drive changes in unrealized gains or losses on our fixed income investment portfolio, as well as common share repurchases.
Ratio of Debt to Total Capital Resources: Management uses this non-GAAP measure to monitor the financial leverage of the Company. This measure is calculated using the total principal amount of debt divided by the sum of total capital resources.
Non-GAAP underwriting income (loss) and Non-GAAP Net Loss and LAE: Management has further adjusted underwriting income (loss), as defined above, as well as reported net loss and LAE by excluding the portion of favorable or unfavorable prior year reserve development for which we have ceded the risk under retroactive reinsurance agreements such as the LPT/ADC Agreement. The losses are estimated to be fully recoverable from Cavello and management believes adjusting for this development shows the ultimate economic benefit of the LPT/ADC Agreement on our underwriting results.
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We believe reflecting the economic benefit of this retroactive reinsurance agreement is helpful for understanding future trends in our operations.
Adjusted Total Shareholders' Equity, Adjusted Total Capital Resources, Ratio of Debt to Adjusted Total Capital Resources and Adjusted Book Value per Common Share: Management has adjusted GAAP shareholders' equity by adding to shareholders' equity the unamortized deferred gain on ceded retroactive reinsurance under the LPT/ADC Agreement. The unamortized deferred gain on ceded retroactive reinsurance under the LPT/ADC Agreement includes the aggregate impact of: 1) cumulative increases to losses incurred prior to December 31, 2018 for which we have ceded the risk under the LPT/ADC Agreement; and 2) changes in estimated ultimate losses for certain workers' compensation reserves previously commuted by the Company to AmTrust which are subject to specific terms and conditions pursuant to the LPT/ADC Agreement.
As a result, by virtue of this adjustment, management has also adjusted Total Capital Resources and computed the Ratio of Debt to Adjusted Capital Resources and Adjusted Book Value per Common Share. The deferred gain liability on retroactive reinsurance under the LPT/ADC Agreement represents loss reserves estimated to be fully recoverable from Cavello and management believes adjusting for this shows the ultimate economic benefit of the LPT/ADC Agreement. We believe reflecting the economic benefit of this non-recurring retroactive reinsurance agreement is helpful to understand future trends in our operations, which will improve the Company's shareholders' equity over the settlement or contract periods, respectively.
Alternative investments is the total of the Company's holdings of equity securities, other investments and equity method investments as reported on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Certain Operating Measures
Refer to "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" section included under Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 15, 2023, for a general discussion on "Certain Operating Measures" utilized by the Company.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The Company's critical accounting policies and estimates are discussed in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" section included under Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 15, 2023.
The critical accounting policies and estimates should be read in conjunction with "Part I, Item 1 - Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies" included in this Form 10-Q and "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies" included within the audited Consolidated Financial Statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 15, 2023. There have been no material changes in the application of our critical accounting estimates subsequent to that report.

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Results of Operations
The following table sets forth our selected unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income data for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)20232022
Gross premiums written
$836 $(10,170)
Net premiums written
$760 $(10,323)
Net premiums earned
$9,002 $1,122 
Other insurance (expense) revenue, net(59)51 
Net loss and LAE
(9,815)2,283 
Commission and other acquisition expenses
(4,235)(2,528)
General and administrative expenses(1)
(3,146)(2,583)
Underwriting loss (2)
(8,253)(1,655)
Other general and administrative expenses(1)
(6,962)(8,303)
Net investment income
9,545 6,567 
Net realized and unrealized investment gains1,005 2,309 
Foreign exchange and other (losses) gains(2,816)3,949 
Interest and amortization expenses(3,824)(4,832)
Income tax benefit (expense)28 (1,255)
Interest in (loss) income of equity method investments(51)1,271 
Net loss(11,328)(1,949)
Gain from repurchase of preference shares— 3,543 
Net (loss) income (attributable) available to Maiden common shareholders$(11,328)$1,594 
(1)Underwriting related general and administrative expenses is a non-GAAP measure. Please refer to "General and Administrative Expenses" below for additional information related to these corporate expenses and the reconciliation to those presented in our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
(2)Underwriting loss is a non-GAAP measure and is calculated as net premiums earned plus other insurance revenue less net loss and LAE, commission and other acquisition expenses and general and administrative expenses directly related to underwriting activities.
(3)The Company no longer presents certain non-GAAP measures such as combined ratio and its related components in its results of operation, as it believes that as the run-off of its reinsurance portfolios progresses, such ratios are increasingly not meaningful and of less value to readers as they evaluate our financial results.

Net Income
Net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $11.3 million compared to net income available to Maiden common shareholders of $1.6 million for the same respective period in 2022. Net income available to Maiden common shareholders for the three months ended March 31, 2022 included gains from repurchase of our preference shares of $3.5 million.
Excluding the gain on the repurchase of our preference shares in 2022, there was a net loss of $11.3 million for the first quarter of 2023 compared to a net loss of $1.9 million for the first quarter of 2022, primarily due to the following:
•underwriting loss of $8.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to underwriting loss of $1.7 million in the same period in 2022 largely due to:
◦adverse prior year loss development of $3.7 million in the first quarter of 2023 compared to favorable prior year loss development of $7.3 million during the same period in 2022; and
◦on a current accident year basis, underwriting loss of $4.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to an underwriting loss of $8.9 million for the same period in 2022, largely due to lower negative premium adjustments reported by AmTrust in the first quarter of 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022.
•foreign exchange and other losses were $2.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to foreign exchange and other gains of $3.9 million for the same period in 2022.
These unfavorable movements were partly offset by the following favorable results:
•total income from investment activities was $10.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to $10.1 million for the same period in 2022 which was comprised of:
◦net investment income increased to $9.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to $6.6 million for the same period in 2022;
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◦realized and unrealized investment gains were $1.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to gains of $2.3 million for the same period in 2022; and
◦interest in loss of equity method investments was $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to income of $1.3 million for the same period in 2022.
•corporate general and administrative expenses decreased to $7.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to $8.3 million for the same period in 2022.
Net Premiums Written
The tables below compare net premiums written by our reportable segments, reconciled to the total consolidated net premiums written for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,20232022Change in
($ in thousands)TotalTotal$
Diversified Reinsurance
$6,773 $4,583 $2,190 
AmTrust Reinsurance(6,013)(14,906)8,893 
Total$760 $(10,323)$11,083 
Net premiums written for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased to $0.8 million, compared to net premiums written of $(10.3) million for the same respective period in 2022:
•Premiums written in the Diversified Reinsurance segment increased by $2.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the same respective period in 2022 due to growth in direct premiums for Credit Life programs written by Maiden LF and Maiden GF.
•Premiums written in the AmTrust Reinsurance segment increased by $8.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the same respective period in 2022 largely due to lower negative cession adjustments made in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022.
Please refer to the analysis below of our Diversified Reinsurance and AmTrust Reinsurance segments for further details.
Net Premiums Earned
Net premiums earned increased by $7.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the same respective period in 2022. The table below compares net premiums earned by our reportable segments, reconciled to the total consolidated net premiums earned, for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,20232022Change in
($ in thousands)TotalTotal$
Diversified Reinsurance
$7,471 $5,955 $1,516 
AmTrust Quota Share Reinsurance
1,531 (4,833)6,364 
Total
$9,002 $1,122 $7,880 
Net premiums earned in the Diversified Reinsurance segment for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $1.5 million or 25.5% compared to the same respective period in 2022 mainly due to growth in Credit Life programs written by Maiden LF and Maiden GF. Please refer to the analysis of our Diversified Reinsurance segment for further discussion.
Net premiums earned in the AmTrust Reinsurance segment for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $6.4 million compared to the same respective period in 2022 primarily due to significant negative earned premium adjustments in the first quarter of 2022. Please refer to the analysis of our AmTrust Reinsurance segment for further discussion.
Other Insurance Revenue 
All of our Other Insurance Revenue is produced by our Diversified Reinsurance segment. Please refer to the analysis below of our Diversified Reinsurance segment for further discussion.
Net Investment Income
Total net investment income increased by $3.0 million or 45.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the same respective period in 2022. Net investment income experienced an increase in annualized average book yields to 3.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to 1.7% in 2022 due to the following factors:
•shorter duration on our fixed income portfolio combined with 32.3% of our fixed income investments as of March 31, 2023 are floating rate investments which enabled us to take advantage of a higher interest rate environment by reinvesting at higher yields more quickly;
• higher crediting interest rate on our funds withheld balance with AmTrust which increased to 3.5% in 2023 from 2.1% in 2022, which had an average ending balance of $384.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023; and
•higher weighted average interest rate on our loan to related party of $168.0 million which increased to 6.4% during the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to 2.1% for the same respective period in 2022.
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Average aggregate fixed income assets at March 31, 2023 experienced a decline of 33.1% compared to March 31, 2022 due to continued run-off of reinsurance liabilities previously written on prospective risks, resulting in negative operating cash flows as we run-off our existing reinsurance liabilities.
The following table details our average aggregate fixed income assets (at cost) and annualized investment book yield for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)20232022
Average aggregate fixed income assets, at cost (1)
$947,270 $1,416,353 
Annualized investment book yield3.7 %1.7 %
(1)Fixed income assets include available-for-sale ("AFS") securities, cash and restricted cash, funds withheld receivable, and loan to related party. These amounts are an average of the amounts disclosed in our quarterly U.S. GAAP consolidated financial statements.
Net Realized and Unrealized Investment Gains
Net realized and unrealized investment gains of $1.0 million were recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to net realized and unrealized investment gains of $2.3 million for the same respective period in 2022. Total net realized and unrealized investment gains for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized in the table below by investment category:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,20232022
Net realized gains:($ in thousands)
Fixed income assets(1)
$— $1,143 
Other investments, including equity securities176 79 
Total net realized gains176 1,222 
Net unrealized gains:
Other investments, including equity securities829 1,087 
Total net unrealized gains829 1,087 
Total net realized and unrealized investment gains$1,005 $2,309 
(1) Fixed income assets includes AFS securities as well as cash, restricted cash, funds withheld receivable, and loan to related party.
Interest in (Loss) Income of Equity Method Investments
The Company had interest in loss of equity method investments of $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to interest in income of equity method investments of $1.3 million for the same respective period in 2022.
Equity method investments consist of hedge fund investments of $0.5 million, real estate investments of $41.1 million and other investments of $30.3 million as of March 31, 2023. Interest in (loss) income of equity method investments for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 is detailed by investment category in the following table:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)20232022
Hedge fund investments$167 $(68)
Real estate investments(218)— 
Other investments— 1,339 
Interest in (loss) income of equity method investments$(51)$1,271 
Net Loss and LAE
Net loss and LAE increased by $12.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the same respective period in 2022 largely due to adverse prior year loss development in both reporting segments. The cessation of active reinsurance underwriting on prospective risks included the termination of the AmTrust Quota Share and European Hospital Liability Quota Share effective January 1, 2019.
Net loss and LAE for the first quarter of 2023 was primarily impacted by net adverse prior year loss development of $3.7 million compared to net favorable prior year loss development of $7.3 million for the same period in 2022. This net loss development is discussed in greater detail in the individual segment discussion and analysis and is primarily associated with run-off of unearned premium for terminated reinsurance contracts in the AmTrust Reinsurance and Diversified Reinsurance segments.

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Commission and Other Acquisition Expenses
Commission and other acquisition expenses increased by $1.7 million or 67.5% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the same respective period in 2022 driven by lower earned premium adjustments in the AmTrust Reinsurance segment during the first quarter of 2023 compared to the same respective period in 2022 which resulted in a corresponding increase in commission costs and brokerage fees. Please see further discussion in the individual segment analysis below.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses include both segment and corporate expenses segregated for analytical purposes as a component of underwriting income. Total general and administrative expenses decreased by $0.8 million, or 7.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the same respective period in 2022 primarily due to lower stock-based incentive compensation costs incurred.
General and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were comprised of:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)20232022
General and administrative expenses – segments
$3,146 $2,583 
General and administrative expenses – corporate
6,962 8,303 
Total general and administrative expenses
$10,108 $10,886 
Interest and Amortization Expenses
The interest and amortization expenses related to the outstanding senior notes issued by Maiden Holdings in 2016 and Maiden NA in 2013 ("Senior Notes") were $3.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to $4.8 million for the same respective period in 2022. This included interest expense incurred on the Senior Notes for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 of $4.8 million, respectively. The issuance costs related to the Senior Notes were capitalized and are amortized over their effective life using the effective interest method of amortization. Due to a change in the amortization method for the 2013 Senior Notes at March 31, 2023, there was amortization income of $1.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to amortization expense of $0.1 million for the same respective period in 2022.
Please refer to "Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) Note 7. Long Term Debt" for further details on the Senior Notes. The weighted average effective interest rate for the Senior Notes was 7.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Foreign Exchange and Other (Losses) Gains
Net foreign exchange and other losses amounted to $2.8 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to net foreign exchange and other gains of $3.9 million for the same respective period in 2022.
At March 31, 2023, net foreign exchange losses were primarily driven by exposures to euro, British pound and other non-USD denominated net loss reserves and insurance related liabilities in excess of foreign currency assets. Our non-USD denominated liabilities at March 31, 2023 included net loss reserves of $328.4 million. Our foreign currency asset exposures at March 31, 2023 included $208.6 million of fixed maturity securities managed by our investment managers who have the discretion to hold foreign currency exposures as part of their total return strategy as well as $21.1 million of equity method real estate investments denominated in Canadian dollars.
Net foreign exchange losses of $2.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were attributable to the weakening of the U.S. dollar on the re-measurement of net loss reserves and insurance related liabilities denominated in British pound and euro. Net foreign exchange gains of $3.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022 were attributable to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar on the re-measurement of net loss reserves and insurance related liabilities denominated in British pound and euro.


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Underwriting Results by Reportable Segment
Diversified Reinsurance Segment
The underwriting results for our Diversified Reinsurance segment for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)20232022
Gross premiums written
$6,849 $4,736 
Net premiums written
$6,773 $4,583 
Net premiums earned
$7,471 $5,955 
Other insurance (expense) revenue, net(59)51 
Net loss and LAE
(3,156)1,360 
Commission and other acquisition expenses
(3,656)(3,771)
General and administrative expenses
(2,589)(2,098)
Underwriting (loss) income$(1,989)$1,497 
Underwriting results in the Diversified Reinsurance segment decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to 2022. This was primarily due to results from GLS operations, which reported an underwriting loss of $1.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to $0.1 million in 2022, driven by general and administrative expenses of $0.9 million and a decrease in the fair value of underwriting-related derivatives of $0.2 million due to the acceleration of covered payments which triggered coverage in excess of the contracts risk margin.
Underwriting (loss) income by business unit is detailed in the table below for the Diversified Reinsurance segment for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)20232022
International$(180)$753 
GLS(1,064)(140)
U.S. Treaty business (Motors)(123)— 
Other run-off lines(622)884 
Underwriting (loss) income$(1,989)$1,497 
Premiums — Gross premiums written increased by $2.1 million or 44.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the same respective period in 2022. Net premiums written increased by $2.2 million or 47.8% during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the same respective period in 2022. Net premiums earned increased by $1.5 million or 25.5% during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the same respective period in 2022. The written and earned premium growth was driven by new Credit Life programs written by Maiden LF and Maiden GF in the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Other Insurance (Expense) Revenue, Net — Total other insurance (expense) revenue, net includes fee related income earned from our GLS business, fair value changes in underwriting-related derivatives related to certain coverages on retroactive reinsurance contracts written by GLS, and fee income derived from our IIS business not directly associated with premium revenue assumed by the Company as specified in the table below.
Total other insurance (expense) revenue, net decreased by $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the same respective period in 2022 primarily due to fair value changes in non-hedged underwriting-related derivatives on GLS contracts. The table below shows other insurance revenue by source for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
    
For the Three Months Ended March 31,20232022Change
($ in thousands)
International$97 $10 $87 
Changes in fair value of non-hedged underwriting-related derivatives(212)— (212)
Other service fee income56 41 15 
Total other insurance (expense) revenue, net$(59)$51 $(110)
46
Net Loss and LAE — Net loss and LAE increased by $4.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the same respective period in 2022 primarily due to new premium growth in Credit Life programs written by Maiden LF and Maiden GF as well as adverse prior year development experienced in the current year period.
The net loss and LAE was impacted by net adverse prior year loss development of $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to favorable prior year development of $2.2 million for the same respective period in 2022. The net adverse loss development for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was due to unfavorable reserve development in other runoff business and also included the recognition of expected credit losses on reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses. The favorable loss development in 2022 was experienced in German Auto Programs and other run-off business.
Commission and Other Acquisition Expenses — Commission and other acquisition expenses decreased by $0.1 million or 3.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the same respective period in 2022.
General and Administrative Expenses — General and administrative expenses increased by $0.5 million or 23.4% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the same respective period in 2022.

AmTrust Reinsurance Segment
The AmTrust Reinsurance segment reported an underwriting loss of $6.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to an underwriting loss of $3.2 million for the same respective period in 2022. The decrease in underwriting results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily due to adverse prior year loss development of $2.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023, which is detailed herein, compared to net favorable prior year loss development of $5.1 million for the same respective period in 2022. The underwriting results for the AmTrust Reinsurance segment for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)20232022
Gross premiums written
$(6,013)$(14,906)
Net premiums written
$(6,013)$(14,906)
Net premiums earned
$1,531 $(4,833)
Net loss and LAE
(6,659)923 
Commission and other acquisition expenses
(579)1,243 
General and administrative expenses
(557)(485)
Underwriting loss$(6,264)$(3,152)
Premiums — The table below shows net premiums written by category for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,20232022Change in
($ in thousands)TotalTotal$
Net Premiums Written
Small Commercial Business
$(83)$(11,722)$11,639 
Specialty Program
156 837 (681)
Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty
(6,086)(4,021)(2,065)
Total AmTrust Reinsurance
$(6,013)$(14,906)$8,893 
The negative gross and net premiums written for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 above reflect cession adjustments on Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty and Small Commercial Business policies in the AmTrust Quota Share ("AmTrust Cession Adjustments"). Furthermore, the termination of the AmTrust Quota Share and the European Hospital Liability Quota Share as of January 1, 2019 resulted in no new business written under these contracts since 2018.
The negative gross and net premiums written for the three months ended March 31, 2023 reflect cession adjustments of $6.1 million due to the cancellation of cases in a certain program within Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty.
The negative gross and net premiums written for the three months ended March 31, 2022 reflect the AmTrust Cession Adjustments which consist of higher than expected adjustments related to the following items:
•$11.0 million of premium reductions on Workers Compensation policy surcharges in Small Commercial Business subsequent to the termination of the AmTrust Quota Share; and
•$4.8 million of premium reductions to AmTrust's inuring reinsurance for certain programs in Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty which reduced the amount of premium ceded to Maiden.

47
The table below shows the AmTrust Cession Adjustments by category for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,20232022Change in
($ in thousands)TotalTotal$
Net Premiums Written
Small Commercial Business
$— $(11,006)$11,006 
Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty
(6,135)(4,786)(1,349)
Total AmTrust Reinsurance
$(6,135)(15,792)$9,657 
Net premiums earned increased by $6.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022 primarily due to lower negative premium adjustments during the first quarter of 2023 compared to significantly higher AmTrust Cession Adjustments made in the first quarter of 2022, due to negative premiums earned in Small Commercial Business policies. The table below provides detail on net premiums earned in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,20232022Change in
($ in thousands)TotalTotal$
Net Premiums Earned
Small Commercial Business
$(83)$(11,710)$11,627 
Specialty Program
156 838 (682)
Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty
1,458 6,039 (4,581)
Total AmTrust Reinsurance
$1,531 $(4,833)$6,364 
Net Loss and LAE — Net loss and LAE increased by $7.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the same respective period in 2022 driven by adverse prior year loss development in the current quarter compared to favorable development in 2022.
Net adverse prior year loss development was $2.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to favorable prior year loss development of $5.1 million for the same period in 2022. Net adverse prior year loss development for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was driven by unfavorable movements in General Liability, Auto Liability and Specialty Risk & Extended Warranty partly offset by continued favorable development in Workers Compensation. Net favorable prior year loss development for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was driven by favorable development on the runoff of Workers Compensation business as well as AmTrust Cession Adjustments for Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty.
Commission and Other Acquisition Expenses — Commission and other acquisition expenses increased by $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the same respective period in 2022 due to lower negative earned premium adjustments in the first quarter of 2023. This was the result of lower AmTrust Cession Adjustments made in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 which resulted in a corresponding increase in commission costs and brokerage fees.
General and Administrative Expenses — General and administrative expenses increased by $0.1 million or 14.8% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the same respective period in 2022.

48
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity
Maiden Holdings is a holding company and transacts no business of its own. We therefore rely on cash flows in the form of dividends, advances, loans and other permitted distributions from our subsidiary companies to pay expenses and make dividend payments on our common shares. The jurisdictions in which our operating subsidiaries are licensed to write business impose regulations requiring companies to maintain or meet statutory solvency and liquidity requirements and also place restrictions on the declaration and payment of dividends and other distributions.
As of March 31, 2023, the Company had investable assets of $1.16 billion compared to $1.24 billion as of December 31, 2022. Investable assets are the combined total of our investments, cash and cash equivalents (including restricted cash), loan to a related party and funds withheld receivable. The decrease in our investable assets is due to the cessation of active reinsurance underwriting of new prospective risks which results in negative operating cash flows as we settle claim payments from the run-off of our reinsurance portfolio liabilities.
The regulatory and liquidity requirements of the Company's operating segments are discussed in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" section included under Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10- K for the year ended December 31, 2022, that was filed with the SEC on March 15, 2023.
Maiden Reinsurance re-domesticated from Bermuda to Vermont on March 16, 2020. We continue to be actively engaged with the Vermont Department of Financial Regulation ("Vermont DFR") regarding Maiden Reinsurance's longer term business plan, including its investment policy, changes to which require prior regulatory approval as stipulated by Vermont law or the Vermont DFR for any active underwriting, capital management or other strategic initiatives. Maiden Reinsurance has received all necessary approvals required to date by the Vermont DFR, including its activities via GLS and its investment policy which includes: 1) the expansion of approved asset classes for investment reflecting not only Maiden Reinsurance’s solvency position but the material reduction in required capital necessary to operate its business; and 2) the purchase of affiliated securities as demonstrated in previous preference share tender offers and the recently completed Exchange. The Investment Policy, as approved and as amended, maintains our established investment management and governance practices.
During 2022, the Vermont DFR approved an annual dividend program to be paid by Maiden Reinsurance to Maiden NA, with notification to the Vermont DFR as dividends are paid. Subsequent to that approval, Maiden Reinsurance has paid $25.0 million in dividends to Maiden NA with $6.3 million paid during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
We may experience continued volatility in our results of operations which could negatively impact our financial condition and create a reduction in the amount of available distribution or dividend capacity from our regulated reinsurance subsidiaries, which would also reduce liquidity. Further, we and our insurance subsidiaries may need additional capital to maintain compliance with regulatory capital requirements and/or be required to post additional collateral under existing reinsurance arrangements, which could reduce our liquidity.
Operating, investing and financing cash flows
Our sources of funds historically have consisted of premium receipts net of commissions and brokerage, investment income, net proceeds from capital raising activities, and proceeds from sales, maturities, pay downs and redemption of investments. Cash is currently used primarily to pay loss and LAE, ceded reinsurance premium, general and administrative expenses, and interest expense, with the remainder in excess of our operating requirements made available to our investment managers for investment in accordance with our investment policy as well as for capital management such as repurchasing our shares.
Our business has undergone significant changes since 2018. As previously noted, we engaged in a series of transactions that have materially reduced our balance sheet risk and transformed our operations. As a result of these transactions, we are not engaged in any active underwriting of new prospective reinsurance business thus our net premiums written will continue to be materially lower and investment income will become a significantly larger portion of our total revenues. We are writing new retroactive risks through GLS, however this will be smaller in relation to the run-off of our prior reinsurance business. Despite the initial inflow of new business from GLS, the run-off of our prior reinsurance business has continued to cause significant negative operating cash flows as we run off the AmTrust Reinsurance segment reserves as shown in the cash flows table below.
While the development of the GLS platform over time should further enhance our ability to pursue the asset and capital management pillars of our business strategy, we continue to expect a trend of negative overall cash flows to continue to reduce our asset base going forward through the remainder of 2023 and beyond.
We expect to use funds from cash and investment portfolios, collected premiums on reinsurance contracts in force or being run-off, investment income and proceeds from investment sales and redemptions to meet our expected claims payments and operational expenses. Claim payments will be principally from the run-off of existing reserves for loss and LAE. A significant portion of those liabilities are collateralized and claim payments will be funded by using this collateral which should provide sufficient funding to fulfill those obligations.
The Company’s management believes its current sources of liquidity are adequate to meet its cash requirements for the next twelve months as we generally expect negative operating cash flows to be sufficiently offset by positive investing cash flows. While we continue to expect our cash flows to be sufficient to meet our cash requirements and to operate our business, our ability to execute our asset and capital management initiatives are dependent on maintaining adequate levels of unrestricted liquidity and cash flows. Our expanded asset management strategy can be impacted by both investment specific and broader financial market conditions and may not produce the expected liquidity and cash flows these investments are designed to achieve, or the timing thereof may also be impacted by those factors.

49
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, unrestricted cash, cash equivalents and fixed maturity investments were $68.9 million and $64.3 million, respectively. The increase of $4.6 million in unrestricted cash and fixed maturity investments during the three months ended 2023 was primarily the result of $9.0 million of net proceeds from sales and redemption of alternative investments including equity method investments, partly offset by $4.8 million for interest payments on the Senior Notes.
Please see the related discussion on investing and financing cash flows below. The table below summarizes our operating, investing and financing cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,20232022
($ in thousands)
Operating activities
$(20,347)$(76,078)
Investing activities
15,267 86,125 
Financing activities
(288)(3,893)
Effect of exchange rate changes on foreign currency cash
105 (355)
Total (decrease) increase in cash, restricted cash and cash equivalents$(5,263)$5,799 
Cash Flows used in Operating Activities
Cash flows used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were $20.3 million compared to cash flows used in operating activities of $76.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, a decrease of $55.7 million due to settlement of claim payments to AmTrust using the funds withheld receivable in the current year period whereas cash was primarily used in the prior year period.
The operating cash flows used in operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were primarily the result of claims payments for the runoff of existing reserves for terminated AmTrust Quota Share and the European Hospital Liability Quota Share contracts.
Cash Flows provided by Investing Activities
Cash flows provided by investing activities consist primarily of proceeds from the sales and maturities of investments net of payments for investments acquired. Net cash provided by investing activities was $15.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to $86.1 million for the same period in 2022.
Cash flows provided by investing activities included net proceeds of $9.0 million from alternative investments including equity method investments during the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to net purchases of $18.0 million for the same respective period in 2022.
For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the proceeds from the sales, maturities and calls exceeded the purchases of fixed maturity securities by $6.3 million compared to net proceeds of $104.1 million for the same respective period in 2022.
Cash Flows used in Financing Activities
Cash flows used in financing activities were $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to $3.9 million during the same respective period in 2022. The Company repurchased 274,861 preference shares during the first quarter of 2022 for an aggregate total consideration of $3.1 million which represent tax withholding in respect of tax obligations on the vesting of both non-performance-based and discretionary performance-based restricted shares.
No dividends on common shares were paid during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. Our Board of Directors have not declared any common share dividends since the third quarter of 2018.
Restrictions, Collateral and Specific Requirements
The Company's restrictions, collateral and specific requirements are discussed in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" section included under Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, that was filed with the SEC on March 15, 2023.
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, restricted cash and cash equivalents and fixed maturity investments used as collateral were $285.8 million and $296.8 million, respectively. This collateral represents 80.6% and 82.2% of the fair value of total fixed maturity investments, cash, restricted cash and equivalents at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.


50
Cash and Investments
Historically, the investment of our funds had generally been designed to ensure safety of principal while generating current income. Accordingly, the majority of our funds had been invested in liquid, investment-grade fixed income securities which are all designated as AFS at March 31, 2023.
As our insurance liabilities continue to run-off and the required capital to operate our business for regulatory purposes decreases, we have modified Maiden Reinsurance’s investment policy (which has been approved by the Vermont DFR as noted) and have expanded the range of asset classes we invest in to enhance the income and total returns our investment portfolio produces. We categorize these investments as alternative investments which include "Other Investments", "Equity Securities", and "Equity Method Investments" on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our cash and investments consisted of:
 March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
 ($ in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value$313,363 $314,527 
Equity securities, at fair value45,266 43,621 
Equity method investments71,896 80,159 
Other investments146,323 148,753 
Total investments576,848 587,060 
Cash and cash equivalents24,194 30,986 
Restricted cash and cash equivalents17,167 15,638 
Total Investments and Cash and Cash Equivalents$618,209 $633,684 
In addition to the discussion on Cash and Cash Equivalents and Fixed Maturities that follows herein, please see the "Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) Note 4. Investments" included under Part I Item 1 "Financial Information" of this Form 10-Q for further discussion on our AFS fixed income securities.
Under this revised investment policy, we increased the amount of alternative investments in 2022, and we expect to continue to increase the amounts invested therein. Under our investment policy, alternative investments could include, but are not limited to, privately held investments, private equities, private credit lending funds, fixed-income funds, hedge funds, equity funds, real estate (including joint ventures and limited partnerships) and other non-fixed-income investments.
For further details on our alternative investments, in addition to the discussion of the investments herein, please see "Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) Note 4(b). Other Investments, Equity Securities and Equity Method Investments" included under Part I Item 1 "Financial Information" of this Form 10-Q.
Our investment performance is subject to a variety of risks, including risks related to general economic conditions, market volatility, interest rate fluctuations, foreign exchange risk, liquidity risk and credit and default risk. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control. An increase in interest rates could result in significant losses, realized or unrealized, in the value of our investment portfolio. A portion of our portfolio consists of alternative investments that subject us to restrictions on redemption, which may limit our ability to withdraw funds for some period of time after the initial investment. The values of, and returns on, such investments may also be more volatile.
We believe our other investments, equity securities and equity method investments portfolio provides diversification against our fixed-income investments and an opportunity for improved risk-adjusted return, however, the returns of these investments may be more volatile and we may experience significant unrealized gains or losses in any particular quarter or year. While we believe the returns produced by these investments will exceed our cost of capital, in particular our cost of debt capital, it is too soon to determine if the actual returns will achieve this objective and it may be an extended period of time before that determination can be made.
We may utilize and pay fees to various companies to provide investment advisory and/or management services related to these investments. These fees, which would be predominantly based upon the amount of assets under management, would be included in net investment income. In addition, costs associated with evaluating, analyzing and monitoring these investments may require additional expenditures than traditional marketable securities.
The substantial majority of our current and future investments are held by Maiden Reinsurance, whose investment policy was approved by the Vermont DFR. Prior to the Exchange, we cumulatively invested $176.4 million in the preference shares of Maiden Holdings which have since been extinguished and exchanged for 41,439,348 common shares of the Company pursuant to the Exchange. As a result of the Exchange, there are no preference shares outstanding. The market value of our common shares held by Maiden Reinsurance was $86.6 million at March 31, 2023.
Cash & Cash Equivalents
At March 31, 2023, we consider the levels of cash and cash equivalents held to be within our targeted ranges. During periods when interest rates experience greater volatility, we have periodically maintained more cash and cash equivalents to better assess current market conditions and opportunities within our defined risk appetite, and may do so in future periods.

51
Fixed Maturity Investments
The average yield and average duration of our fixed maturities, by asset class, and our cash and cash equivalents (restricted and unrestricted) are as follows at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively:
March 31, 2023Original or Amortized CostGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesFair Value
Average yield(1)
Average duration(2)
($ in thousands)
U.S. treasury bonds
$51,030 $2 $(89)$50,943 4.2 %0.5 
U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed
37,900 — (3,739)34,161 3.3 %4.8 
Collateralized mortgage-backed securities7,199 — (386)6,813 5.7 %2.5 
Non-U.S. government bonds14,730 — (750)13,980 0.7 %2.2 
Collateralized loan obligations120,466 — (4,805)115,661 3.8 %0.3 
Corporate bonds
96,014 — (4,209)91,805 1.5 %1.9 
Total fixed maturities327,339 2 (13,978)313,363 3.0 %1.4 
Cash and cash equivalents
41,361 — — 41,361 1.7 %0.0 
Total
$368,700 $2 $(13,978)$354,724 2.9 %1.3 
December 31, 2022Original or Amortized CostGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesFair Value
Average yield(1)
Average duration(2)
($ in thousands)
U.S. treasury bonds
$55,647 $1 $(116)$55,532 4.0 %0.7 
U.S. agency bonds – mortgage-backed
38,767 — (4,402)34,365 2.7 %4.7 
Collateralized mortgage-backed securities7,199 — (432)6,767 5.3 %2.7 
Non-U.S. government bonds12,643 — (825)11,818 0.3 %2.8 
Collateralized loan obligations119,120 — (5,028)114,092 3.1 %0.3 
Corporate bonds
97,063 — (5,110)91,953 1.5 %2.1 
Total fixed maturities330,439 1 (15,913)314,527 2.7 %1.5 
Cash and cash equivalents
46,624 — — 46,624 1.2 %0.0 
Total
$377,063 $1 $(15,913)$361,151 2.5 %1.3 
(1)    Average yield is calculated by dividing annualized investment income for each sub-component of fixed maturity securities and cash and cash equivalents (including amortization of premium or discount) by amortized cost.
(2)    Average duration in years.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the yield on the 10-year U.S. Treasury bond decreased by 40 basis points to 3.48%. The 10-year U.S. Treasury rate is the key risk-free determinant in the fair value of many of the fixed maturity securities in our portfolio. The U.S. Treasury yield curve experienced a slight shift during the three months ended March 31, 2023, reflecting concerns of the U.S. Federal Reserve about continuing ongoing inflation emanating from the combination of: 1) the strength of the U.S. economy; 2) geopolitical instability in Eastern Europe which threatened additional inflation and global economic stability; 3) the levels of fiscal stimulus administered by the U.S. federal government to support the economy; and 4) the anticipated monetary policy responses required to temper these factors. Central banks globally have responded in similar fashion and suggest additional interest rate increases may occur.
The movement in the market values of our fixed maturity portfolio during the three months ended March 31, 2023 generated net unrealized gains of $1.9 million which increased our book value per common share by $0.02 during the period. Current outlooks for global monetary policy indicate that quantitative tightening by central banks in the U.S. and globally are likely to continue for at least the near term. Our investment portfolios, in particular our fixed maturity portfolio, may be adversely impacted by unfavorable market conditions caused by these measures, which could cause continued volatility in our results of operations and negatively impact our financial condition.
Interest rate risk is the price sensitivity of a security to changes in interest rates. Credit spread risk is the price sensitivity of a security to changes in credit spreads. As noted, the fair value of our fixed maturity investments will fluctuate with changes in interest rates and credit spreads. We attempt to maintain adequate liquidity in our fixed maturity investments portfolio with a strategy designed to emphasize the preservation of our invested assets and provide sufficient liquidity for the prompt payment of claims and contract liabilities. Because we collateralize a significant portion of our insurance liabilities, unanticipated or large increases in interest rates could require us to utilize significant amounts of unrestricted cash and fixed maturity securities to provide additional collateral, which could impact our asset and capital management strategy described herein.

52
We also monitor the duration and structure of our investment portfolio as discussed below. As of March 31, 2023, the aggregate hypothetical change in fair value from an immediate 100 basis points increase in interest rates, assuming credit spreads remain constant, in our fixed maturity investments portfolio would decrease the fair value of that portfolio by $8.6 million. Actual shifts in interest rates may not change by the same magnitude across the maturity spectrum or on an individual security and, as a result, the impact on the fair value of our fixed maturity securities may be materially different from the resulting change in value described above.
To limit our exposure to unexpected interest rate increases which would reduce the value of our fixed income securities and reduce our shareholders' equity, we attempt to maintain the duration of our fixed maturity investment portfolio combined with our cash and cash equivalents, both restricted and unrestricted, within a reasonable range of the duration of our loss reserves. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, these respective durations in years were as follows:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents
1.31.3
Reserve for loss and LAE - gross of LPT/ADC Agreement reserves5.35.3
Reserve for loss and LAE - net of LPT/ADC Agreement reserves1.11.1
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the weighted average duration of our fixed maturity investment portfolio remained at 1.3 years while the duration for the reserve for loss and LAE remained at 5.3 years. The differential in duration between these assets and liabilities may fluctuate over time and in the case of fixed maturities, historically has been affected by factors such as market conditions, changes in asset mix and prepayment speeds in the case of both our U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities ("Agency MBS") and commercial mortgage-backed securities.
At March 31, 2023, the duration of our loss reserves net of the LPT/ADC Agreement was slightly lower than the duration of our fixed maturity investment portfolio driven by the commutation of certain European Hospital Liability policies which were long-tailed in nature and not subject to the LPT/ADC Agreement.
To limit our exposure to unexpected interest rate increases that could reduce the value of our fixed maturity securities and reduce our shareholders' equity, the Company holds floating rate securities whose fair values are less sensitive to interest rates. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, 32.3% and 29.6%, respectively, of our fixed income investments are comprised of floating rate securities. The floating rate investment holdings at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
($ in thousands)Fair Value% of TotalFair Value% of Total
Floating rate securities
Collateralized loan obligations$115,661 12.9 %$114,092 11.8 %
Collateralized mortgage-backed securities4,835 0.6 %4,773 0.5 %
Total floating rate AFS fixed maturities at fair value120,496 13.5 %118,865 12.3 %
Loan to related party167,975 18.8 %167,975 17.3 %
Total floating rate securities$288,471 32.3 %$286,840 29.6 %
 
Total fixed income investments at fair value (1)
$894,115 $970,538 
(1) Total fixed income investments at fair value include AFS fixed maturities, cash and restricted cash, funds withheld receivable, and loan to related party.
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, 100.0% of the Company’s U.S. agency bond holdings are mortgage-backed. Total U.S. agency MBS comprise 10.9% of our fixed maturity investment portfolio at March 31, 2023. Given their relative size to our total investments, if faster prepayment patterns were to occur over an extended period of time, this could potentially limit the growth in our investment income in certain circumstances or reduce the total amount of investment income we earn.
Additional details on our U.S. Agency MBS holdings at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
($ in thousands)Fair Value% of TotalFair Value% of Total
FNMA – fixed rate
$18,573 54.4 %$18,750 54.6 %
FHLMC – fixed rate
13,045 38.2 %13,034 37.9 %
GNMA – variable rate2,543 7.4 %2,581 7.5 %
Total U.S. Agency MBS$34,161 100.0 %$34,365 100.0 %
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, 98.4% and 98.5%, respectively, of our fixed maturity investments consisted of investment grade securities. We define a security as being below investment grade if it has an S&P credit rating of BB+ or equivalent, or less. Please see "Part I, Item 1 - Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) Note 4. Investments" for additional information on the credit rating of our fixed income portfolio.
53
The security holdings by sector and financial strength rating of our corporate bond holdings at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:
Ratings(1)
March 31, 2023AAAA+, A, A-BBB+, BBB, BBB-BB+ or lowerFair Value% of Corporate bonds portfolio
Corporate bonds
($ in thousands)
Basic Materials
— %— %11.4 %— %$10,451 11.4 %
Communications
— %5.8 %5.3 %— %10,178 11.1 %
Consumer
— %6.4 %39.8 %— %42,451 46.2 %
Energy
— %0.9 %1.9 %— %2,595 2.8 %
Financial Institutions
1.6 %20.8 %0.5 %5.6 %26,130 28.5 %
Total
1.6 %33.9 %58.9 %5.6 %$91,805 100.0 %
Ratings(1)
December 31, 2022AAAA+, A, A-BBB+, BBB, BBB-BB+ or lowerFair Value% of Corporate bonds portfolio
Corporate bonds
($ in thousands)
Basic Materials
— %— %5.3 %— %$4,912 5.3 %
Communications
— %5.7 %5.2 %— %10,004 10.9 %
Consumer
— %6.3 %39.1 %— %41,767 45.4 %
Energy
— %0.9 %7.7 %— %7,860 8.6 %
Financial Institutions
1.6 %20.3 %0.4 %5.2 %25,272 27.5 %
Industrials
— %2.3 %— %— %2,138 2.3 %
Total
1.6 %35.5 %57.7 %5.2 %$91,953 100.0 %
(1)    Ratings as assigned by S&P, or equivalent
The table below includes the Company’s ten largest corporate holdings at fair value and as a percentage of all fixed income securities held as at March 31, 2023; of which 100.0% are euro denominated, with 54.4% in the Consumer Sector and 27.9% in the Financial Institutions sector.
March 31, 2023Fair Value% of Holdings
Rating(1)
($ in thousands)
Anheuser-Busch INBEV SA, 2.875%, Due 9/25/2024$10,822 3.5 %BBB+
Chubb Ina Holdings Inc., 1.55%, Due 3/15/20286,375 2.0 %A
Kraft Heinz Foods Co., 1.5%, Due 5/24/20246,206 2.0 %BBB
Glencore Finance (Europe) LTD, 1.875%, Due 9/13/20235,377 1.7 %BBB+
Volkswagen International Finance NV, 1.125%, Due 10/2/20235,360 1.7 %A-
Santander Consumer Finance SA, 1.125%, Due 10/9/20235,353 1.7 %A
America Movil SAB DE CV, 1.5%, Due 3/10/20245,298 1.7 %A-
Utah Acquisition Sub Inc., 2.25%, Due 11/22/20245,270 1.7 %BBB-
Molson Coors Beverage Co., 1.25%, Due 7/15/20245,227 1.7 %BBB-
FBD Insurance PLC, 5.0%, Due 10/9/20285,121 1.6 %NA
Total
$60,409 19.3 %
(1)    Ratings as assigned by S&P, or equivalent

54
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, we held the following non-U.S. dollar denominated securities:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
($ in thousands)Fair Value% of TotalFair Value% of Total
Non-U.S. dollar denominated collateralized loan obligations$104,317 50.0 %$102,812 50.1 %
Non-U.S. dollar denominated corporate bonds90,327 43.3 %90,491 44.1 %
Non-U.S. government bonds13,980 6.7 %11,818 5.8 %
Total non-U.S. dollar denominated securities$208,624 100.0 %$205,121 100.0 %
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, 100.0% of our non-U.S. dollar denominated securities above were invested in euro. The net increase in non-U.S. denominated fixed maturities is due to relative appreciation of euro denominated bonds during the three months ended March 31, 2023. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, all of the Company's non-U.S. government issuers have a rating of AA- or higher by S&P.
For our non-U.S. dollar denominated corporate bonds, the following table summarizes the composition of the fair value of our fixed maturity investments at the dates indicated by ratings at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
Ratings(1)
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
($ in thousands)Fair Value% of TotalFair Value% of Total
A+, A, A-$31,159 34.5 %$32,633 36.0 %
BBB+, BBB, BBB-54,047 59.8 %53,094 58.7 %
BB+ or lower5,121 5.7 %4,764 5.3 %
Total non-U.S. dollar denominated corporate bonds$90,327 100.0 %$90,491 100.0 %
(1)     Ratings as assigned by S&P, or equivalent
The Company does not employ any credit default protection against any of the fixed maturities held in non-U.S. denominated currencies at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.


55
Other Investments, Equity Securities and Equity Method Investments
Our alternative investments are categorized as other investments, equity securities, and equity method investments as reported on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. These include private equity funds, private credit funds and hedge fund investments, investments in limited partnerships, as well as investments in direct lending entities and investments in technology-oriented insurance related businesses known as insurtechs. Private equity investments consist of direct investments in privately held entities, investments in private equity funds and private equity co-investments with sponsoring entities. Private credit investments consist of loans and other debt securities of privately held entities or investment sponsors.
Our alternative investments as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of the following asset classes:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
($ in thousands)Carrying Value% of TotalCarrying Value% of Total
Publicly traded equity investments$402 0.2 %$386 0.1 %
Privately held common stocks31,911 12.1 %32,290 11.9 %
Privately held preferred stocks12,953 4.9 %10,945 4.0 %
Total equity securities$45,266 17.2 %$43,621 16.0 %
Hedge fund investments$517 0.2 %$5,376 2.0 %
Real estate investments41,104 15.6 %40,944 15.0 %
Other equity method investments30,275 11.5 %33,839 12.4 %
Total equity method investments$71,896 27.3 %$80,159 29.4 %
Private equity funds$38,213 14.5 %$34,278 12.6 %
Private credit funds17,605 6.7 %24,374 8.9 %
Privately held equity investments33,255 12.6 %34,014 12.5 %
Investment in direct lending funds (at cost)57,250 21.7 %56,087 20.6 %
Total other investments$146,323 55.5 %$148,753 54.6 %
      
Total alternative investments$263,485 100.0 %$272,533 100.0 %
Our allocation to alternative investments decreased to 42.6% of our total cash and investments as of March 31, 2023 compared to 43.0% as of December 31, 2022; and increased to 97.3% of our total shareholders' equity as of March 31, 2023 compared to 95.8% as of December 31, 2022.
In addition to the categories described above, we also evaluate our alternative investments by the following asset classes:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
($ in thousands)Carrying Value% of TotalCarrying Value% of Total
Private Equity$63,277 24.0 %$60,227 22.1 %
Private Credit44,676 17.0 %51,783 19.0 %
Hedge Funds517 0.2 %5,376 2.0 %
Alternatives83,636 31.7 %85,866 31.5 %
Venture Capital23,346 8.9 %21,126 7.7 %
Real Estate48,033 18.2 %48,155 17.7 %
Total alternative investments$263,485 100.0 %$272,533 100.0 %
For further details on these alternative investments, see "Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements: Note 4(b) Other Investments, Equity Securities and Equity Method Investments" included under Part I Item 1. "Financial Information" of this Report on Form 10-Q.
Certain of the Company's investments in limited partnerships are related to real estate joint ventures with interests in multi-property projects with varying strategies ranging from the development of properties to the ownership of income-producing properties. In certain of these joint ventures, the Company has provided certain indemnities, guarantees and commitments to certain parties such that it may be required to make payments now or in the future. For further details on these financial guarantees, please see "Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements: Note 11 - Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees" included under Part I Item 1. "Financial Information" of this Report on Form 10-Q.
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Investment Results
The following table summarizes our investment results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)20232022
Net investment income:
Fixed income investments(1)
$8,451 $6,157 
Cash and restricted cash306 (7)
Other investments, including equities887 600 
Investment expenses(99)(183)
Total net investment income9,545 6,567 
Net realized gains:
Fixed income assets(1)
— 1,143 
Other investments, including equities176 79 
Total net realized gains176 1,222 
Net unrealized gains:
Other investments, including equities829 1,087 
Total net unrealized gains829 1,087 
Interest in (loss) income of equity method investments:
Interest in (loss) income of equity method investments(51)1,271 
Total interest in (loss) income of equity method investments(51)1,271 
Total investment return included in earnings (A)
$10,499 $10,147 
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gains (losses) on AFS fixed maturities and equity method investments excluding foreign exchange (B)
$1,936 $(11,392)
Total investment return = (A) + (B)$12,435 $(1,245)
Annualized income from fixed income assets(2)
$35,028 $24,600 
Average aggregate fixed income assets, at cost(2)
947,2701,416,353
Annualized investment book yield3.7 %1.7 %
Average aggregate invested assets, at fair value(3)
$1,200,336$1,644,743
Investment return included in net earnings0.9 %0.6 %
Total investment return1.0 %(0.1)%
1.Fixed income investments include AFS securities as well as funds withheld receivable, and loan to related party.
2.Average aggregate fixed income assets and cash include AFS portfolio, cash and restricted cash, funds withheld receivable, and loan to related party and is computed as an average of the amounts disclosed in our quarterly U.S. GAAP consolidated financial statements.
3.Average aggregate invested assets include all investments (AFS and alternative investments), cash and restricted cash, loan to related party and funds withheld receivable and is computed as an average of the amounts disclosed in our quarterly U.S. GAAP consolidated financial statements.

57
The following table details total investment returns for our fixed income investments for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:
Fixed Income Investments(1)
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)20232022
Gross investment income$8,757 $6,150 
Net realized and unrealized gains— 1,143 
Change in AOCI (3)
1,936 (15,806)
Gross investment returns$10,693 $(8,513)
   
Average invested assets, at fair value (4)
$932,327$1,406,804
Gross Investment Returns1.1 %(0.6)%
Investment expenses$73 $126 
Net investment returns$10,620 $(8,639)
Net Investment Returns1.1 %(0.6)%
The following table details total investment returns for our alternative investments for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:
Alternative Investments(2)
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)20232022
Gross investment income$836 $1,871 
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains1,005 1,166 
Change in AOCI (3)
— 4,414 
Gross investment returns$1,841 $7,451 
   
Average invested assets, at fair value (4)
$268,009$237,939
Gross Investment Returns0.7 %3.1 %
Investment expenses$26 $57 
Net investment returns$1,815 $7,394 
Net Investment Returns0.7 %3.1 %

1.Fixed income investments includes AFS securities as well as cash, restricted cash, funds withheld receivable, and loan to related party.
2.Alternative investments includes other investments, equity securities, and equity method investments.
3.Change in accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") excludes unrealized foreign exchange gains and losses.
4.Average invested assets is the average of the amounts disclosed in our quarterly U.S. GAAP consolidated financial statements.


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The following table details total investment returns for alternative investments by asset class for the three months ended March 31, 2023:
March 31, 2023Private EquityPrivate CreditHedge FundsAlternative AssetsVenture CapitalReal EstateTotal
 ($ in thousands)
Gross investment income$109$778$167$—$—$(218)$836
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)665(462)——1,083(281)1,005
Total Investment Return$774$316$167$—$1,083$(499)$1,841
Average Investments$61,752$48,230$2,947$84,751$22,236$48,094$268,009
Gross Investment Returns1.3 %0.7 %5.7 %— %4.9 %(1.0)%0.7 %
Annualized Gross Returns5.0 %2.6 %22.7 %— %19.5 %(4.2)%2.7 %
Total investment returns on alternative investments were positive and earned 0.7% during the three months ended March 31, 2023, however, gross and net investment returns were lower compared to the same respective period in 2022. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, positive returns were experienced across all of our asset classes other than our real estate investments.
The following table details total investment returns for alternative investments by asset class for the three months ended March 31, 2022:
March 31, 2022Private EquityPrivate CreditHedge FundsAlternative AssetsVenture CapitalReal EstateTotal
 ($ in thousands)
Gross investment income$108$373$(68)$1,340$118$—$1,871
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)1,576(150)—79(339)—1,166
Change in AOCI———4,414——4,414
Total Investment Return$1,684$223$(68)$5,833$(221)$—$7,451
Average Investments$61,779$31,604$32,895$48,855$7,177$55,630$237,939
Gross Investment Returns2.7 %0.7 %(0.2)%11.9 %(3.1)%— %3.1 %
Annualized Gross Returns10.9 %2.8 %(0.8)%47.8 %(12.3)%— %12.5 %
Total returns on alternative investments were positive and earned 3.1% during the three months ended March 31, 2022 partly due to the sale of an equity method investment which produced gross returns of $5.8 million and contributed 2.4% to the gross investment returns during the prior year period.
Despite the recent volatility experienced in financial markets, we believe our alternative investment portfolio remains well positioned to achieve its targeted longer-term returns.
Other Balance Sheet Changes
The following table summarizes our other material balance sheet changes at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2023December 31, 2022ChangeChange %
Deferred commission and other acquisition expenses
$21,989 $24,976 $(2,987)(12.0)%
Funds withheld receivable
371,416 441,412 (69,996)(15.9)%
Reserve for loss and LAE
1,071,623 1,131,408 (59,785)(5.3)%
Unearned premiums
58,789 67,081 (8,292)(12.4)%
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
50,975 60,518 (9,543)(15.8)%
The Company's deferred commission and other acquisition expenses decreased by 12.0% and unearned premiums decreased by 12.4% primarily due to the termination of the remaining business under both quota share contracts with AmTrust which have been in run-off since January 1, 2019. Funds withheld receivable decreased by 15.9% largely due to the settlement of reinsurance losses payable under the AmTrust Quota Share.
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Accrued expenses and other liabilities decreased by 15.8% primarily driven by a decrease in underwriting-related derivative liability on GLS policies which was $4.0 million as of March 31, 2023 compared to $14.6 million at December 31, 2022 due to the acceleration of covered payments which triggered coverage in excess of the contracts risk margin. The Company's reserve for loss and LAE decreased by 5.3% primarily due to continued settlement of loss reserves for AmTrust Reinsurance contracts.
Capital Resources
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, book value per common share decreased by 5.0% to $2.66 and diluted book value per common share decreased by 5.4% to $2.64, compared to December 31, 2022. This was due to the net loss attributable to Maiden common shareholders of $11.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and an opening allowance for expected credit losses of $5.5 million in the beginning retained earnings on January 1, 2023; partly offset by a net increase in AOCI of $2.5 million during the period.
Capital resources consist of funds deployed in support of our operations. The following table shows the movement in our capital resources at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
 March 31, 2023December 31, 2022ChangeChange (%)
($ in thousands)   
Common shares at par value$1,496 $1,492 $4 0.3 %
Additional paid-in capital885,125 884,259 866 0.1 %
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(38,760)(41,234)2,474 (6.0)%
Accumulated deficit(459,704)(442,863)(16,841)3.8 %
Treasury shares, at cost(117,363)(117,075)(288)0.2 %
Total Maiden shareholders' equity
270,794 284,579 (13,785)(4.8)%
Senior Notes - principal amount
262,500 262,500 — — %
Total capital resources
$533,294 $547,079 $(13,785)(2.5)%
Total capital resources decreased by $13.8 million, or 2.5% compared to December 31, 2022 due to the following items:
•net increase in additional paid-in capital of $0.9 million mainly due to share-based compensation of $0.8 million;
•net increase in AOCI of $2.5 million which arose due to: (1) net unrealized gains on investment of $1.9 million due to a increase of $1.9 million for our fixed income investment portfolio relating to market price movements in the three months ended March 31, 2023, and (2) an increase in cumulative translation adjustments of $0.6 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023 due to the impact of the U.S. dollar depreciation on the re-measurement of net assets denominated in British pound and euro;
•accumulated deficit increased by $16.8 million due to an opening allowance for expected credit losses on our other investments, reinsurance recoverable, reinsurance balances receivable and funds withheld receivable of $5.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 which decreased opening retained earnings as well as a net loss of $11.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023; and
•treasury shares increased by $0.3 million due to common shares repurchased for tax withholding in respect of tax obligations on the vesting of both non-performance-based and discretionary performance-based restricted shares.
Please refer to "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 6. Shareholders' Equity" included under Part II Item 8. "Financial Statements and  Supplementary Data" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of the equity instruments issued by the Company as at December 31, 2022.
Book value and diluted book value per common share at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:
($ in thousands except share and per share data)March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Ending common shareholders’ equity
$270,794 $284,579 
Proceeds from assumed conversion of dilutive options
— 4 
Numerator for diluted book value per common share calculation
$270,794 $284,583 
Common shares outstanding
101,763,727 101,532,151 
Shares issued from assumed conversion of dilutive options and restricted shares
998,108 499,963 
Denominator for diluted book value per common share calculation
102,761,835 102,032,114 
Book value per common share
$2.66 $2.80 
Diluted book value per common share
2.64 2.79 

60
Common Shares
On February 21, 2017, the Company's Board of Directors approved the repurchase of up to $100.0 million of the Company's common shares from time to time at market prices. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company did not repurchase any common shares under its share repurchase authorization. At March 31, 2023, the Company had a remaining authorization of $74.2 million for share repurchases.
Senior Notes
There were no changes in the Company’s Senior Notes at March 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022 and the Company did not enter into any short-term borrowing arrangements during the three months ended March 31, 2023. Please refer to "Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) Note 7. Long Term Debt" included under Part I Item 1 "Financial Information" of this Form 10-Q for a discussion of the Company’s Senior Notes. The 2013 Senior Notes issued by Maiden NA are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Maiden Holdings. The Senior Notes are unsecured and unsubordinated obligations of the Company.
As described in "Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) Note 14. Subsequent Events" included under Part I Item 1 "Financial Information" of this Form 10-Q, on May 3, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors approved the repurchase, including the repurchase by Maiden Reinsurance in accordance with its investment guidelines, of up to $100,000 of the Company's Senior Notes from time to time at market prices in open market purchases or as may be privately negotiated.
Maiden Holdings does not have any significant operations or assets other than ownership of the shares of our subsidiaries. The dividends and other permitted distributions from Maiden NA (and its subsidiaries) will be our sole source of funds to meet ongoing cash requirements, including debt service payments. Factors that may affect payments to holders of the 2013 Senior Notes include restrictions on the payments of dividends by Maiden Reinsurance to Maiden NA which provides the sole source of income for interest payments on the 2013 Senior Notes. During the second quarter of 2022, the Vermont DFR approved an annual dividend program to be paid by Maiden Reinsurance to Maiden NA, with notification to the Vermont DFR as dividends are paid. Subsequent to that approval, Maiden Reinsurance paid a total of $25.0 million in dividends to Maiden NA as of March 31, 2023.
Summarized financial information of Maiden NA and Maiden Holdings as of March 31, 2023 and for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were as follows:
 Maiden NAMaiden Holdings
($ in thousands)
Total assets$4,219 $9,227 
Total liabilities149,186 108,489 
Amounts due from subsidiaries (not included in total assets above)1,237 402 
Amounts due to subsidiaries (not included in total liabilities above)13,644 4,715 
Related party loan payable (not included in total liabilities above)— 275,191 
Total revenue113 3 
Net loss(1,964)(9,762)
The summarized financial information above has been presented on a combined basis for the issuer Maiden NA and the guarantor Maiden Holdings, excluding all other subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions between Maiden NA and Maiden Holdings, whose information is presented above on a combined basis, were eliminated. Any investment by Maiden NA or Maiden Holdings in subsidiaries that are not issuers or guarantors is not presented in the financial information above. Intercompany balances with subsidiaries that are not issuers or guarantors and any related party transactions were separately disclosed above and are not included in the total assets and total liabilities presented for Maiden NA and Maiden Holdings. The net loss for Maiden NA and Maiden Holdings was due to interest and amortization expenses on the Senior Notes as well as general and administrative expenses. The net loss in Maiden NA was also due to income tax expense incurred.
The ratio of Debt to Total Capital Resources at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was computed as follows:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Senior notes - principal amount
$262,500 $262,500 
Maiden shareholders’ equity
270,794 284,579 
Total capital resources
$533,294 $547,079 
Ratio of debt to total capital resources
49.2 %48.0 %
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Certain of the Company's investments in limited partnerships are related to real estate joint ventures with interests in multi-property projects with varying strategies ranging from the development of properties to the ownership of income-producing properties. In certain of these joint ventures, the Company has provided certain indemnities, guarantees and commitments to
61
certain parties such that it may be required to make payments now or in the future as further described in the "Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) Note 11. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees" included under Part I Item 1 "Financial Information" of this Form 10-Q.
Any loss for which the Company could be liable would be contingent on the default of a loan by the real estate joint venture entity for which the Company provided a financial guarantee to a lender. While the Company has committed to aggregate limits as to the amount of guarantees it will provide as part of its limited partnerships, guarantees are only provided on an individual transaction basis and are subject to the terms and conditions of each transaction mutually agreed by the parties involved. The Company is not bound to such guarantees without its express authorization.
As discussed above, at March 31, 2023, guarantees of $42.3 million have been provided to lenders by the Company on behalf of the real estate joint venture, however, the likelihood of the Company incurring any losses pertaining to project level financing guarantees was determined to be remote. Therefore, no liability has been accrued under ASC 450-20.

Non-GAAP Measures
As defined and described in the Key Financial Measures section, management uses certain key financial measures, some of which are non-GAAP measures, to evaluate the Company's financial performance and the overall growth in value generated for the Company’s common shareholders. Management believes that these measures, which may be defined differently by other companies, explain the Company’s results to investors in a manner that allows for a more complete understanding of the underlying trends in the Company’s business. The calculation, reconciliation to nearest GAAP measure and discussion of relevant non-GAAP measures used by management are as follows:
Non-GAAP operating loss was $7.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to a non-GAAP operating loss of $6.9 million for the same period in 2022, and was largely due to a non-GAAP underwriting loss of $6.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to a non-GAAP underwriting loss of $2.7 million for the same period in 2022. The non-GAAP underwriting loss in both respective periods included underwriting results in the AmTrust Reinsurance segment not covered by the LPT/ADC Agreement, specifically the run-off of the AmTrust Quota Share with losses occurring after December 31, 2018, as well as loss development under the European Hospital Liability Quota Share. Also, it included an underwriting loss in the Diversified Reinsurance segment of $2.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to underwriting income of $1.5 million for the same period in 2022.

Non-GAAP operating loss and Non-GAAP diluted operating loss per share attributable to common shareholders
Non-GAAP operating loss and Non-GAAP diluted operating loss per share attributable to common shareholders can be reconciled to the nearest U.S. GAAP financial measure as follows:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,20232022
($ in thousands except per share data)
Net (loss) income (attributable) available to Maiden common shareholders$(11,328)$1,594 
Add (subtract):
Net realized and unrealized investment gains(1,005)(2,309)
Foreign exchange and other losses (gains)2,816 (3,949)
Interest in loss (income) of equity method investments51 (1,271)
Change in deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance under the LPT/ADC Agreement1,573 (1,000)
Non-GAAP operating loss$(7,893)$(6,935)
Diluted (loss) earnings per share (attributable) available to common shareholders$(0.11)$0.02 
Add (subtract):
Net realized and unrealized investment gains(0.01)(0.03)
Foreign exchange and other losses (gains)0.03 (0.05)
Interest in loss (income) of equity method investments— (0.01)
Change in deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance under the LPT/ADC Agreement0.01 (0.01)
Non-GAAP diluted operating loss per share attributable to common shareholders
$(0.08)$(0.08)

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Non-GAAP Underwriting Results
The non-GAAP underwriting results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)20232022
Gross premiums written$836 $(10,170)
Net premiums written$760 $(10,323)
Net premiums earned$9,002 $1,122 
Other insurance (expense) revenue, net(59)51 
Non-GAAP net loss and LAE(1)
(8,242)1,283 
Commission and other acquisition expenses(4,235)(2,528)
General and administrative expenses(3,146)(2,583)
Non-GAAP underwriting loss (1)
$(6,680)$(2,655)
(1) Non-GAAP underwriting loss and non-GAAP net loss and LAE for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 are adjusted for prior year reserve development subject to the LPT/ADC Agreement. Please see "Key Financial Measures" section for the definitions of Non-GAAP underwriting loss and net loss and LAE.
The non-GAAP underwriting results include the impact of adverse prior year loss reserve development under the AmTrust Quota Share which is fully recoverable from Cavello under the LPT/ADC Agreement to show the ultimate economic benefit to the Company. As shown in the table above, adjusted for the increase in the deferred gain under the LPT/ADC Agreement of $1.6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023, the non-GAAP underwriting loss was $6.7 million. This compared to a non-GAAP underwriting loss of $2.7 million when adjusted for the decrease in the deferred gain under the LPT/ADC Agreement of $1.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022.
The non-GAAP underwriting results above were driven by underwriting results in the AmTrust Reinsurance segment not covered by the LPT/ADC Agreement, specifically the run-off of the AmTrust Quota Share with losses occurring after December 31, 2018 as well as loss development related to the European Hospital Liability Quota Share. Also, it included an underwriting loss in the Diversified Reinsurance segment of $2.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to .
Non-GAAP Net Loss and LAE
Adjusted for the increase in the deferred gain for the LPT/ADC Agreement, the non-GAAP net loss and LAE for the three months ended March 31, 2023 decreased by $1.6 million as these amounts included adverse loss experience for AmTrust Quota Share reserves subject to the LPT/ADC Agreement which are ultimately recoverable from Cavello .
Adjusted for the decrease in the deferred gain for the LPT/ADC Agreement for the three months ended March 31, 2022, the non-GAAP net loss and LAE increased by $1.0 million as these amounts included favorable loss experience for AmTrust Quota Share reserves subject to the LPT/ADC Agreement which are ultimately recoverable from Cavello.
These adjustments are reflected in the calculation of non-GAAP Loss and LAE below:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)20232022
Net loss and LAE
$9,815 $(2,283)
Less: change in deferred gain on retroactive reinsurance under the LPT/ADC Agreement1,573 (1,000)
Non-GAAP net loss and LAE
$8,242 $(1,283)
Adjusted Shareholders' Equity, Adjusted Total Capital Resources, Adjusted Book Value per Common Share, and Ratio of Debt to Total Adjusted Capital Resources
The Adjusted Shareholders' Equity, Adjusted Total Capital Resources and Adjusted Book Value per Common Share at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 reflect the addition of the unamortized deferred gain under the LPT/ADC Agreement to the GAAP shareholders' equity as depicted in the computations below. The deferred gain under the LPT/ADC Agreement was $47.0 million at March 31, 2023 compared to $45.4 million at December 31, 2022, which relates to loss reserves subject to that agreement that are fully recoverable from Cavello.
The increase in the unamortized deferred gain under the LPT/ADC Agreement for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is attributable to $1.6 million in loss and LAE recognized as adverse loss development in the Company's GAAP income statement for policies subject to the LPT/ADC Agreement. We believe the inclusion of this unamortized deferred gain under these metrics better reflects the ultimate economic benefit of the LPT/ADC Agreement, which will improve the Company's shareholders' equity over the settlement period under the terms of the agreement.


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Reconciliation of shareholders' equity to Adjusted shareholders' equity and Adjusted Total Capital Resources
The following table computes adjusted shareholders' equity and adjusted total capital resources by recognizing the unamortized deferred gain under the LPT/ADC Agreement at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2023December 31, 2022ChangeChange %
Total shareholders' equity
$270,794 $284,579 $(13,785)(4.8)%
Unamortized deferred gain on LPT/ADC Agreement46,981 45,408 1,573 3.5 %
Adjusted shareholders' equity
317,775 329,987 (12,212)(3.7)%
Senior Notes - principal amount
262,500 262,500 — — %
Adjusted total capital resources$580,275 $592,487 $(12,212)(2.1)%
Non-GAAP Operating ROACE
Non-GAAP Operating ROACE for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)20232022
Non-GAAP operating loss$(7,893)$(6,935)
Opening adjusted shareholders’ equity329,987 274,990 
Ending adjusted shareholders’ equity317,775 260,187 
Average adjusted shareholders’ equity323,881 267,589 
Non-GAAP Operating ROACE
(9.9)%(10.5)%

Reconciliation of Book Value per Common Share to Adjusted Book Value per Common Share
The adjusted book value per common share as reconciled for the recognition of the unamortized deferred gain under the LPT/ADC Agreement at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was computed as follows:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Book value per common share
$2.66 $2.80 
Unamortized deferred gain on LPT/ADC Agreement0.46 0.45 
Adjusted book value per common share
$3.12 $3.25 
Ratio of Debt to Adjusted Total Capital Resources 
Management uses this non-GAAP measure to monitor the financial leverage of the Company. This measure is calculated using the total principal amount of debt divided by the sum of adjusted total capital resources as computed in the table above. The ratio of Debt to Adjusted Total Capital Resources at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was computed as follows:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Senior notes - principal amount
$262,500 $262,500 
Adjusted shareholders’ equity
317,775 329,987 
Adjusted total capital resources
$580,275 $592,487 
Ratio of debt to adjusted total capital resources45.2 %44.3 %
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Currency and Foreign Exchange
We conduct business in a variety of foreign (non-U.S.) currencies, the principal exposures being the euro and the British pound. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are exposed to changes in currency exchange rates. Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, and exchange rate fluctuations relative to the U.S. dollar may materially impact our results and financial position. Our principal exposure to foreign currency risk is our obligation to settle claims in foreign currencies. In addition, in order to minimize this risk, we maintain and expect to continue to maintain a portion of our investment portfolio in investments denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. We may employ various strategies (including hedging) to manage our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. To the extent that these exposures are not fully hedged or the hedges are ineffective, our results of operations or equity may be adversely affected. At March 31, 2023, no such hedges or hedging strategies were in force or had been entered into. We measure monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at period end exchange rates, with the resulting foreign exchange gains and losses recognized in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. Revenues and expenses in foreign currencies are converted at average exchange rates during the period. The effect of the translation adjustments for foreign operations is included in AOCI.
Net foreign exchange losses of $2.0 million were generated during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to net foreign exchange gains of $3.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022.
At March 31, 2023, net foreign exchange losses were primarily driven by exposures to euro, British pound and other non-USD denominated net loss reserves and insurance related liabilities in excess of foreign currency assets. Our non-USD denominated liabilities at March 31, 2023 included reserve for net loss and LAE of $328.4 million. Our foreign currency asset exposures at March 31, 2023 include $208.6 million of fixed maturity securities managed by our investment managers who have the discretion to hold foreign currency exposures as part of their total return strategy as well as $21.1 million of equity method real estate investments denominated in Canadian dollars.
Effects of Inflation
The anticipated effects of inflation are considered explicitly in the pricing of the insured exposures, which are used as the initial estimates of reserves for loss and LAE. In addition, inflation is also implicitly accounted for in subsequent estimates of loss and LAE reserves, as the expected rate of emergence is in part predicated upon the historical levels of inflation that impact ultimate claim costs. To the extent inflation causes these costs, particularly medical treatments and litigation costs, to vary from the assumptions made in the pricing or reserving estimates, the Company will be required to change the reserve for loss and LAE with a corresponding change in its earnings in the period in which the variance is identified. The actual effects of inflation on the results of operations of the Company cannot be accurately known until claims are ultimately settled.
We continue to monitor inflationary impacts resulting from recent government stimulus, sharp increases in demand, labor force and supply chain disruptions, among other factors, on our loss cost trends. Our reserves predominantly consist of workers’ compensation, general liability, and hospital liability. These long tailed lines of business have been subject to the longer term trend of social inflation, but we have not observed significant impacts for the recently elevated levels of inflation. We proactively analyze available data and we incorporate trends into our loss reserving assumptions to ensure we are considerate of current and future economic conditions.
Governmental policy responses to inflation have significantly increased interest rates which, in the short term, have contributed to unrealized losses on our fixed income investments, particularly on our fixed maturity securities. There remains uncertainty around the rate and direction of inflation and we continue to monitor our liquidity, capital and potential earnings impact of these changes but remain focused on our asset allocation decisions as described in our "Business Strategy" section of Item 7 "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Overview".
Inflation may also result in increased wage pressures for our operating expenses, as we remain focused on being a competitive employer in our market. Labor shortages arising from the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic have contributed to uncertainty in attracting and retaining talent that may put pressure on higher wage costs. Currently, salaries and incentive compensation costs comprise more than one-half of our total general and administrative expenses and thereby could have a material impact our net operating results.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
At March 31, 2023, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as defined by Item 303(a) (4) of Regulation S-K.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See "Part I, Item 1 - Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies" for a discussion on recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted.








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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
 Our management, with the participation and under the supervision of our Co-Chief Executive Officers and Chief Financial Officer, have evaluated the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)). Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by SEC rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Co-Chief Executive Officers and Chief Financial Officer, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Our Co-Chief Executive Officers and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, such disclosure controls and procedures were effective. Our management, including our Co-Chief Executive Officers and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide an absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our Company have been detected.
During the most recent fiscal quarter, there were no changes in the Company's internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
See "Part I, Item 1 - Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies" for an update on legal matters. Except as disclosed above, there are no material changes from the legal proceedings previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Our business is subject to a number of risks, including those identified in Item 1A. of Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and/or liquidity and that could cause our operating results to vary significantly from period to period. The risks described in our 2022 Form 10-K are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and/or liquidity.
There are no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in "Part I - Item 1A. Risk Factors" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity and Use of Proceeds
Items 2. (a) and (b) are not applicable.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information
Executive Ownership and Sales
From time to time, some of the Company’s directors and executives may determine that it is advisable to diversify their investments for personal financial planning reasons, or may seek liquidity for other reasons, and may sell common shares of the Company in the open market, in private transactions or to the Company. To effect such sales, some of the Company’s directors and executives have previously entered into, and may in the future enter into, trading plans designed to comply with the Company’s Insider Trading and Outside Investments Policy and the provisions of Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The trading plans will not reduce any of the executives’ ownership of the Company’s shares below the applicable executive stock ownership guidelines. The Company does not undertake any obligation to report Rule 10b5-1 plans that may be adopted by any employee or director of the Company in the future, or to report any modifications or termination of any publicly announced plan.
Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders
(a) The 2023 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders of the Company was held on May 3, 2023.
(b) Matters voted on at the meeting and the number of votes cast: 117,145,741 common shares were voted at the Annual General Meeting. Per the bye-laws of the Company in which the voting power is adjusted to the extent necessary so that there is no 9.5% voter, 27,857,056 common shares held by Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. were restricted from voting.
1.To elect nine directors to the Board of Directors of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. to serve until the 2024 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders or until their successors have been duly elected or appointed and qualified:
NameVotes ForWithheldBroker Non-Vote
Barry D. Zyskind43,317,383 2,332,141 43,639,161 
Holly L. Blanchard43,416,987 2,232,537 43,639,161 
Patrick J. Haveron43,456,079 2,193,445 43,639,161 
Simcha G. Lyons42,311,010 3,338,514 43,639,161 
Lawrence F. Metz43,435,140 2,214,384 43,639,161 
Raymond M. Neff43,448,568 2,200,956 43,639,161 
Yehuda L. Neuberger43,422,852 2,226,672 43,639,161 
Steven H. Nigro43,534,108 2,115,416 43,639,161 
Keith A. Thomas42,576,978 3,072,546 43,639,161 
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2.To increase the authorized share capital of the Company from US$1,500,000 divided into 150,000,000 shares of par value US$0.01 each, to US$2,000,000 divided into 200,000,000 of par value US$0.01 each;
Votes ForVotes AgainstAbstainBroker Non-Vote
43,091,210 2,489,612 68,702 43,639,161 
3.To vote on a non-binding advisory resolution to approve the compensation of certain of our executive officers:
Votes ForVotes AgainstAbstainBroker Non-Vote
42,976,217 2,537,432 135,875 43,639,161 
4.To vote on a non-binding advisory proposal to determine the frequency (whether 1 Year, 2 Years or 3 Years) with which shareholders of the Company shall be entitled to have an advisory vote on executive compensation:
1 Year2 Years3 YearsAbstainBroker Non-Vote
41,263,298 88,156 3,687,093 610,977 43,639,161 
5.The appointment of Ernst & Young LLP as the Company's independent registered public accounting firm for the 2023 fiscal year:
Votes ForVotes AgainstAbstainBroker Non-Vote
87,908,926 1,208,397 171,362 — 
Item 5.02 Departure Of Directors Or Certain Officers; Election Of Directors; Appointment Of Certain Officers; Compensatory Arrangements Of Certain Officers

(c) On May 3, 2023, Patrick J. Haveron was appointed as the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and principal executive officer. Senior Vice President – Finance Mark O. Heintzman was appointed as the principal financial officer. Lawrence F. Metz was appointed as Executive Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors and Group President.

(e) On May 3, 2023, the annual base salary for Patrick J. Haveron was increased to $950,000. Further, Mr. Metz shall receive an annual board fee of $125,000.

The employment agreements of Patrick J. Haveron and Lawrence F. Metz were extended until May 1, 2028. A copy of the form of employment agreement of Messrs. Haveron and Metz is incorporated by reference to the filing of such exhibit with the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011 filed with the SEC on March 13, 2012 (File No. 001-34042).

Item 6. Exhibits.
Exhibit
No.		Description
31.1
31.2
32.1
32.2
101.1
The following materials from Maiden Holdings, Ltd. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income; (iii) unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income; (iv) unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity; (v) unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (vi) Notes to unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

MAIDEN HOLDINGS, LTD.
By:
May 9, 2023/s/ Patrick J. Haveron
Patrick J. Haveron
Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Mark O. Heintzman
Mark O. Heintzman
Senior Vice President - Finance (Principal Financial Officer)

69
Document

EXHIBIT 31.1
 
CERTIFICATION
 
I, Patrick J. Haveron, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Maiden Holdings, Ltd.;
 
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
 
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
 
4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) for the registrant and have:
 
(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including any consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
 
(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
 
(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
 
(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and
 
5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
 
(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
 
(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

May 9, 2023/s/ Patrick J. Haveron
  Patrick J. Haveron
Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Document

EXHIBIT 31.2
 
CERTIFICATION
 
I, Mark O. Heintzman, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Maiden Holdings, Ltd.;
 
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
 
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
 
4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
 
(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including any consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
 
(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
 
(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
 
(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and
 
5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
 
(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
 
(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.
 
May 9, 2023/s/ Mark O. Heintzman 
  Mark O. Heintzman
Senior Vice President - Finance (Principal Financial Officer)		 

Document

Exhibit 32.1
 
CERTIFICATION
 
Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code), the undersigned officer of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. (the “Company”), hereby certifies, to such officer's knowledge, that:
 
The Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
 
May 9, 2023By:  /s/ Patrick J. Haveron
  Patrick J. Haveron
Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
 
The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code) and is not being filed as part of the Report.
 




Document

Exhibit 32.2
 
CERTIFICATION
 
Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code), the undersigned officer of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. (the “Company”), hereby certifies, to such officer's knowledge, that:
 
The Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
 
May 9, 2023By:  /s/ Mark O. Heintzman 
  Mark O. Heintzman
Senior Vice President - Finance (Principal Financial Officer)		 
 
The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code) and is not being filed as part of the Report.